Chapter Contents – page vii

Chapter Contents – page vii
Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Life 1.1: What is Biology? 1.1: Section Check 1.2: The Methods of Biology 1.2: Section Check 1.3: The Nature of Biology 1.3: Section Check Chapter 1 Summary Chapter 1 Assessment Chapter Contents – page vii

You will identify the characteristics of life.
What You’ll Learn You will identify the characteristics of life. You will recognize how scientific methods are used to study living things. Chapter Intro-page 2

1.1 Section Objectives – page 3
Recognize some possible benefits from studying biology. Summarize the characteristics of living things. 1.1 Section Objectives – page 3

Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10
The Science of Biology The concepts, principles, and theories that allow people to understand the natural environment form the core of biology, the study of life. A key aspect of biology is simply learning about the different types of living things around you. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

The Science of Biology Life on Earth includes not only the common organisms you notice every day, but also distinctive life forms that have unusual behaviors. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

The Science of Biology When studying the different types of living things, you’ll ask what, why, and how questions about life. The answers to such questions lead to the development of general biological principles and rules. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Biologists study the interactions of life One of the most general principles in biology is that living things do not exist in isolation; they are all functioning parts in the delicate balance of nature. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Biologists study the interactions of life Living things interact with their environment and depend upon other living and nonliving things to aid their survival. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Biologists study the Diversity of Life Through your study of biology, you will come to appreciate the great diversity of life on Earth and the way all living organisms fit into the dynamic pattern of life on our planet. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Biologists study the interactions of the environment Because no living things, including humans, exist in isolation, the study of biology must include the investigation of living interactions. The study of one living thing always involves the study of the others with which it interacts. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Biologists study problems and propose solutions The study of biology will teach you how humans function and how we fit in with the rest of the natural world. It will also equip you with the knowledge you need to help sustain this planet’s web of life. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Characteristics of Living Things Biologists have formulated a list of characteristics by which we can recognize living things. Only when something has all of them can it then be considered living. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Characteristics of Living Things Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life is known as an organism. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Characteristics of Living Things All living things: have an orderly structure produce offspring grow and develop adjust to changes in the environment Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things are organized When biologists search for signs of life, one of the first things they look for is structure. That’s because they know that all living things show an orderly structure, or organization. Whether an organism is made up of one cell or billions of cells, all of its parts function together in an orderly, living system. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things make more living things One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction, the production of offspring. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things make more living things Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism, but it is essential for the continuation of the organism’s species. A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things change during their lives Growth results in an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures. All organisms grow, with different parts of the organism growing at different rates. All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism are known as its development. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things adjust to their surroundings Organisms live in a constant interface with their surroundings, or environment, which includes the air, water, weather, temperature, any other organisms in the area, and many other factors. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things adjust to their surroundings Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is a stimulus. A reaction to a stimulus is a response. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things adjust to their surroundings Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival is called homeostasis. Living things reproduce themselves, grow and develop, respond to external stimuli, and maintain homeostasis by using energy. Energy is the ability to cause change. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Living things adapt and evolve Any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation. Adaptations are inherited from previous generations. The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10

Question 1 How does society benefit from the study of biology?
Section 1 Check

Benefits include advances in medical treatments and disease prevention, learning more about how the human body functions, increasing knowledge of human relationships and better understanding of how to sustain the web of life on Earth. Section 1 Check

What is the origin of the term "biology"?
Question 2 What is the origin of the term "biology"? Section 1 Check

"Biology" comes from two Greek words, "bios" meaning life, and "logos" meaning study. Biology is the study of life. Section 1 Check

Question 3 What are some characteristics of living things?
NC: 4.02, 5.01 Section 1 Check

All living things have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow and develop, and adjust to changes in the environment. Sometimes nonliving things have one or more of these characteristics, but unless something has all of them it is not considered to be a living thing. These plants are called Lithops from the Greek lithos, meaning “stone.” Although they don’t appear to be so, Lithops are just as alive as elephants. Both species possess all of the characteristics of life. NC: 4.02, 5.01 Section 1 Check

Question 4 A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a(n) __________. A. organization B. species C. environment D. niche Section 1 Check

The answer is B, species. Section 1 Check

What is the importance of homeostasis?
Question 5 What is the importance of homeostasis? NC: 2.03 Section 1 Check

Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival. An example is the adjustment an organism makes in the amount of water in its cells; without the ability to make such adjustments, organisms die. NC: 2.03 Section 1 Check

Question 6 Which of the following is an example of an adaptation?
A. the gradual change in a species over time B. changing only one condition at a time during an experiment C. possessing large eyes for efficient night vision D. all the changes that take place during the lifetime of an organism NC: 4.03 Section 1 Check

The answer is D. all the changes that take place during
the lifetime of an organism is an adaptation. Evolution is the gradual change of a species over time and occurs through adaptations. NC: 4.03 Section 1 Check

Compare different scientific methods. Differentiate among hypothesis, theory, and principle. 1.2 Section Objectives – page 11

Observing and Hypothesizing The knowledge obtained when scientists answer one question often generates other questions or proves useful in solving other problems. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

The methods biologists use The common steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions are collectively known as scientific methods. Scientific methods usually begin with scientists identifying a problem to solve by observing the world around them. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

The methods biologists use A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested. Hypothesizing is one of the methods most frequently used by scientists. A hypothesis is not a random guess. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

The methods biologists use Eventually, the scientist may test a hypothesis by conducting an experiment. The results of the experiment will help the scientist draw a conclusion about whether or not the hypothesis is correct. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Experimenting To a scientist, an experiment is an investigation that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

What is a controlled experiment? Some experiments involve two groups: the control group and the experimental group. The control is the group in which all conditions are kept the same. The experimental group is the test group, in which all conditions are kept the same except for the single condition being tested. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Designing an experiment In a controlled experiment, only one condition is changed at a time. The condition in an experiment that is changed is the independent variable, because it is the only variable that affects the outcome of the experiment. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Designing an experiment While changing the independent variable, the scientist observes or measures a second condition that results from the change. This condition is the dependent variable, because any changes in it depend on changes made to the independent variable. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Designing an experiment Controlled experiments are most often used in laboratory settings. However, not all investigations are controlled. An investigation such as this, which has no control, is the type of biological investigation most often used in field work. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Using tools Biologists use a variety of tools to obtain information in an investigation. Common tools include beakers, test tubes, hot plates, petri dishes, thermometers, balances, metric rulers, and graduated cylinders. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Using tools More complex tools include microscopes, centrifuges, radiation detectors, spectrophotometers, DNA analyzers, and gas chromatographs. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Maintaining safety Safety is another important factor that scientists consider when carrying out investigations. Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of sharp objects exists. Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears when substances used could stain or burn clothing. Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn when this symbol appears. Chemical Safety This symbol appears when chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous if absorbed through the skin. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Maintaining safety A safety symbol is a symbol that warns you about a danger that may exist from chemicals, electricity, heat, or procedures you will use. Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of sharp objects exists. Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears when substances used could stain or burn clothing. Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn when this symbol appears. Chemical Safety This symbol appears when chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous if absorbed through the skin. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Data gathering Information obtained from investigations is called data. Often, data are in numerical form. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Data gathering Numerical data may be measurements of time, temperature, length, mass, area, volume, or other factors. Numerical data may also be counts. Sometimes data are expressed in verbal form, using words to describe observations made during an investigation. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Thinking about what happened After careful review of the results, the scientist must come to a conclusion: Was the hypothesis supported by the data? Was it not supported? Are more data needed? Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Verifying results After results of an investigation have been published, other scientists can try to verify the results by repeating the procedure. When a hypothesis is supported by data from additional investigations, it is considered valid and is generally accepted by the scientific community. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Theories and laws In science, a hypothesis that is supported by many separate observations and investigations, usually over a long period of time, becomes a theory. A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Reporting results Results and conclusions of investigations are reported in scientific journals, where they are available for examination by other scientists. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Theories and laws In addition to theories, scientists also recognize certain facts of nature, called laws or principles, that are generally known to be true. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18

Question 1 What is the difference between a hypothesis and an observation? NC: 1.02 Section 2 Check

A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or problem and can be formally tested. An observation is something that has been noticed, often generating questions that lead to the formation of a hypothesis. NC: 1.02 Section 2 Check

Question 2 A scientist conducts an experiment to test the effect of light on plant growth. In each experiment, three plants of the same variety are each given 10 mL of water. One plant is exposed to full sunlight for 8 hours, one is exposed to full sunlight for 4 hours, and one plant is kept in a dark room. Plant height is measured after two weeks. What is the independent variable in this experiment? NC: 1.02, 1.05 Section 2 Check

Question 2 What is the independent variable in this experiment?
A. soil volume B. amount of sunlight C. plant height D. amount of water NC: 1.02, 1.05 Section 2 Check

The answer is B. The independent variable is the condition that is changed. In this case, the amount of sunlight is changed for each plant. Plant heights are measured results of the experiment, so plant height is the dependent variable. NC: 1.02, 1.05 Section 2 Check

Question 3 Which of the following is the group in an experiment in which all conditions are kept the same? A. standard B. independent variable C. experimental D. control NC: 1.02, 1.05 Section 2 Check

The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same in the control group
The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same in the control group. The experimental group is the test group. NC: 1.02, 1.05 Section 2 Check

Question 4 Compare the terms "theory" and "principle". Section 2 Check

A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence. A principle is a fact of nature, generally known to be true, such as the law of gravity. Section 2 Check

Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative information. Explain why science and technology cannot solve all problems. 1.3 Section Objectives – page 19

Kinds of Information Scientific information can usually be classified into one of two main types, quantitative or qualitative. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Quantitative information Biologists sometimes conduct controlled experiments that result in counts or measurements—that is, numerical data. These kinds of experiments occur in quantitative research. The data are analyzed by comparing numerical values. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Quantitative information Paramecium Survival Rates Quantitative data may be used to make a graph or table. Number of paramecia surviving Temperature Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Quantitative information Graphs and tables communicate large amounts of data in a form that is easy to understand. Paramecium Survival Rates Number of paramecia surviving Temperature Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Measuring in the International System Scientists always report measurements in a form of the metric system called the International System of Measurement, commonly known as SI. SI Base Units Measurement Unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Intensity of light candela cd Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Measuring in the International System In biology, the metric units you will encounter most often are: meter (length), gram (mass), liter (volume), second (time), and Celsius degree (temperature). Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Qualitative information Observational data—that is, written descriptions of what scientists observe—are often just as important in the solution of a scientific problem as numerical data. When biologists use purely observational data, they are using qualitative information. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Science and Society Ethics refers to the moral principles and values held by humans. Society as a whole must take responsibility for the ethical use of scientific discoveries. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Can science answer all questions? Some questions are simply not in the realm of science. Such questions may involve decisions regarding good versus evil, ugly versus beautiful, or similar judgements. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Can technology solve all problems? Scientific study that is carried out mainly for the sake of knowledge—with no immediate interest in applying the results to daily living—is called pure science. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Can technology solve all problems? Other scientists work in research that has obvious and immediate applications. Technology is the application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Can technology solve all problems? Science and technology will never answer all of the questions we ask, nor will they solve all of our problems. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

Question 1 Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative information. Section 3 Check

Quantitative information can be expressed numerically, and may also be used to generate graphs or tables in order to communicate data clearly. Qualitative information is not expressed numerically. Observational data and written descriptions of what scientists observe, are qualitative information. U.S. Students Enrolled in Physical Education Male Female Section 3 Check

Question 2 Why is the SI system important to scientists? NC: 1.02
Section 3 Check

SI is the International System of Measurement
SI is the International System of Measurement. The use of SI enables scientists anywhere in the world to understand data reported by other scientists, and makes peer review of results easier. SI Base Units Measurement Unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Intensity of light candela cd NC: 1.02 Section 3 Check

Question 3 Which of the following is an SI unit? A. foot B. pound
C. second D. yard NC: 1.02 Section 3 Check

The answer is C. Second is the SI unit of time.
SI Base Units Measurement Unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Intensity of light candela cd NC: 1.02 Section 3 Check

Explain how ethics are part of scientific discoveries.
Question 4 Explain how ethics are part of scientific discoveries. NC: 1.01 Section 3 Check

Ethics are a system of moral values or principles of right conduct
Ethics are a system of moral values or principles of right conduct. The knowledge gained through scientific research is not good or bad, but some applications of scientific knowledge may be considered unacceptable to some people. It is the responsibility of society as a whole to determine the ethical use of scientific discoveries. NC: 1.01 Section 3 Check

Question 5 How does technology benefit a society? Section 3 Check

Technology is the application of scientific research to society's needs and problems. It can result in improvements in such areas as food production, waste and pollution reduction, and medical care. While technology has provided numerous benefits, sometimes problems result as well. Section 3 Check

What is biology? Biology is the organized study of living things and their interactions with their natural and physical environments. All living things have four characteristics in common: organization, reproduction, growth and development, and the ability to adjust to the environment. Chapter Summary – 1.1

The Methods of Biology Biologists use controlled experiments to obtain data that either do or do not support a hypothesis. By publishing the results and conclusions of an experiment, a scientist allows others to try to verify the results. Repeated verification over time leads to the development of a theory. Chapter Summary – 1.2

The Methods of Biology Scientific methods are used by scientists to answer questions or solve problems. Scientific methods include observing, making a hypothesis, collecting data, publishing results, forming a theory, developing new hypotheses, and revising the theory. Chapter Summary – 1.2

The Nature of Biology Biologists do their work in laboratories and in the field. They collect both quantitative and qualitative data from their experiments and investigations. Scientists conduct investigations to increase knowledge about the natural world. Scientific results may help solve some problems, but not all. Chapter Summary – 1.3

Question 1 What results in an increase in the amount of living material in an organism? A. growth B. development C. stimuli D. energy NC: 4.02 Chapter Assessment

The answer is A. Growth results in an increase of living material; development refers to the changes that take place during the life of the organism. NC: 4.02 Chapter Assessment

Question 2 Which of the following enables an organism to maintain homeostasis? A. evolution B. environment C. energy D. experimentation NC: 2.03 Chapter Assessment

The answer is C. Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment. Living things maintain homeostasis, as well as grow and develop and reproduce themselves, by using energy from food. NC: 2.03 Chapter Assessment

Compare the developments of unicellular and multi-cellular organisms.
Question 3 Compare the developments of unicellular and multi-cellular organisms. Chapter Assessment

Both types of organisms grow
Both types of organisms grow. However, multi-cellular organisms undergo more changes during their lives, therefore greater development, than do unicellular organisms. Chapter Assessment

Compare the energy sources of plants and animals.
Question 4 Compare the energy sources of plants and animals. NC: 1.01 Chapter Assessment

Organisms get their energy from food
Organisms get their energy from food. Plants make their own food using energy from the Sun. Animals get their energy from plants or from organisms that consume plants. NC: 1.01 Chapter Assessment

Question 5 Which of the following is an example of observational data? What type of data are the other examples? A. description of panda behavior B. number of bees that visit a flower per day C. temperature at which bees cease flying D. average number of panda offspring per adult female Chapter Assessment

The answer is A. The other examples are numerical data.
Chapter Assessment

Question 6 Which of the following is an appropriate question for science to consider? A. Which type of rose produces the most pleasing scent? B. What brand of fertilizer should farmers use? C. Does breaking a mirror cause bad luck? D. What birds prefer nesting in low shrubs? NC: 1.01 Chapter Assessment

The answer is D. Questions that involve judgments about beauty or matters of opinion are not in the realm of science. NC: 1.01 Chapter Assessment

Question 7 In a controlled experiment, the __________ is the observed condition that results from the change of the __________. A. independent variable, dependent variable B. dependent variable, independent variable C. dependent variable, control group D. independent variable, hypothesis NC: 1.02, 1.05 Chapter Assessment

The answer is B. In a controlled experiment, the condition that is changed is the independent variable. The scientist then observes or measures the dependent variable that results. NC: 1.02, 1.05 Chapter Assessment

Define the term "evolution".
Question 8 Define the term "evolution". NC: 3.05 Chapter Assessment

Evolution is the gradual change in a species through adaptations that are inherited from previous generations. Camel Evolution Paleocene 65 million years ago Eocene 54 million years ago Oligocene 33 million years ago Miocene 23 million years ago Age Present Organism Skull and teeth Limb bones NC: 3.05 Chapter Assessment

Why are safety symbols important?
Question 9 Why are safety symbols important? NC: 1.04 Chapter Assessment

It is the responsibility of persons conducting scientific investigations to minimize hazards to themselves and others working around them. Safety symbols warn of any dangers that may exist. Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of sharp objects exists. Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears when substances used could stain or burn clothing. Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn when this symbol appears. Chemical Safety This symbol appears when chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous if absorbed through the skin. NC: 1.04 Chapter Assessment

Is technology always beneficial? Give examples to support your answer.
Question 10 Is technology always beneficial? Give examples to support your answer. Chapter Assessment

Technological advances have benefited humans in numerous ways but have also resulted in some serious problems. For example, fertilizer that boosts crop production can also pollute water. Value judgments must be made as to how to utilize technology while protecting the environment. Chapter Assessment

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