PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind.

Paradigm Shift From Psychoanalytical Unconscious Drives Urges This renders us POWERLESS over our actions To Behaviorism Environment Stimuli Experiences This EMPOWERS us regarding our actions

Behaviorism (school of thought) Ideas A person’s environment determines their behavior There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals.  Therefore research can be carried out on animals as well as humans.

…so what is LEARNING all behaviors are acquired (learned) through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behavior is the result of stimulus – response All behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association.

Some Definitions:  Stimulus – anything that is around you. EX: light, sound, smells, tastes, objects, people…  Neutral Stimulus – something you don’t respond to Response – an action (that occurs because of a Stimulus)

Behaviorism Ideas Behavior is the result of stimulus – response  all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING A process of behavior modification by which:  a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus  The previously neutral stimulus in now a “Conditioned Stimulus”

Classical Conditioning in layman’s terms Learning to have a reflex when you experience something. What are examples of reflexes? (these behaviors are all primary reinforcers – they satisfy a biological need) - eye blink - drooling - jerking away from pain - fear of loud noises EXAMPLE: baby and eye blink

IVAN PAVLOV ( )  Pavlov demonstrated that this learning process could be used to make an association between and environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus  Demonstrated behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations

PHYSIOLOGICAL APPARATUS

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Abbreviations US UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning CS CONDITIONED STIMULUS A neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits a similar response

Abbreviations UR UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE Automatic response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus CR CONDITIONED RESPONSE A response that is learned by pairing the originally neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

CONVERSION OF UCS TO CR  Pavlovian (or classical) conditioning builds on reflexes: We begin with an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response -- a reflex! We then associate a neutral stimulus with the reflex by presenting it with the unconditioned stimulus. Over a number of repetitions, the neutral stimulus by itself will elicit the response! At this point, the neutral stimulus is renamed the conditioned stimulus, and the response is called the conditioned response.

EXAMPLE OF CLASSICAL CONDITINING

The Unconditioned Response (UCR) The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response.

The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus.

The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.

The Conditioned Response (CR) The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle.

Shaping Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior Writing Example

Extinction When the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear. In classical conditioning, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus. For example, if the smell of food (the unconditioned stimulus) had been paired with the sound of a whistle (the conditioned stimulus), it would eventually come to evoke the conditioned response of hunger. However, if the unconditioned stimulus (the smell of food) were no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus (the whistle), eventually the conditioned response (hunger) would disappear.

Generalization Occurs when there is a small difference in the presented stimulus and the original conditioned stimulus. If Pavlov’s dog heard a bell of a similar tone, the dog would still salivate.

Generalization Example  What letter do you see? A A A A A A A You know that all of these are the letter A because of stimulus generalization!

Discrimination Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds

Discrimination Example

Spontaneous recovery Reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery.

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)  Operant conditioning - is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior - rewards and punishments are secondary reinforcers – depend on learning Examples of secondary reinforcers: money, toys, approval Examples of primary reinforcers: food, sex

Operant Conditioning EX  BoMI BoMI

Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement  Positive Reinforcement – Giving something to INCREASE behavior  Negative Reinforcement – Taking something to INCREASE behavior  Punishment – taking or giving something to DECREASE behavior Pk