Chapter 18 The Rise of Russia

Themes of the Chapter Territorial state huge land empire Territorial state huge land empire Power of the tsars & the Romanov Dynasty ( ) Power of the tsars & the Romanov Dynasty ( ) Dominant aristocracy Dominant aristocracy Reliance on coercive labor systems Reliance on coercive labor systems Lack of a merchant class Lack of a merchant class Dependence on the West Dependence on the West

Russia Under the Mongols Late Postclassical period: Mongol conquest & Moscow became center for resistance Late Postclassical period: Mongol conquest & Moscow became center for resistance Result of Mongol Rule = Result of Mongol Rule = limited cultural development, economic stagnation, dependence on peasant labor limited cultural development, economic stagnation, dependence on peasant labor

Land of the Tsars Video: Video: Rise of Ivan III Rise of Ivan III Ivan IV expansion & attack on boyars Ivan IV expansion & attack on boyars Time of Troubles Time of Troubles Peter the Great Peter the Great

Comparison Use Adan Olearius’s account to compare Use Adan Olearius’s account to compare Western Europe & Russia. Politically Politically Economically Economically Socially Socially

Need for Revival & the Ivans Mongol Rule Mongol Rule Ivan III (the Great) Ivan III (the Great) Reclaims early Roman, Byzantine Christian traditions Reclaims early Roman, Byzantine Christian traditions Emphasis on military rule Emphasis on military rule Begins an expansionist policy Begins an expansionist policy

Patterns of Expansion Focused on Central Asia Focused on Central Asia lack of natural barriers made expansion easier lack of natural barriers made expansion easier Volga River (Astrakhan) became a bustling center for Eurasian trade Volga River (Astrakhan) became a bustling center for Eurasian trade New trade contacts w/Asia New trade contacts w/Asia Ottomans, Iran, India Ottomans, Iran, India Tsars use new lands to reward faithful nobles/bureaucrats Tsars use new lands to reward faithful nobles/bureaucrats

Policies toward Native Peoples Siberia is home to 26 ethnic groups Siberia is home to 26 ethnic groups Russian gov’t used cossacks & westerners (fur trade) to inhabit the area Russian gov’t used cossacks & westerners (fur trade) to inhabit the area By 1763, 420,000 Russians live in Siberia By 1763, 420,000 Russians live in Siberia Russians wanted tribute in the form of furs & resorted to violence to get it Russians wanted tribute in the form of furs & resorted to violence to get it

Peter the Great Russia’s 1 st Westernization 17 th c. = unusually agrarian compared to Europe & Asia 17 th c. = unusually agrarian compared to Europe & Asia So… Peter the Great sought adopting some Western reforms to improve Russian society So… Peter the Great sought adopting some Western reforms to improve Russian society

Peter the Great ( ) Autocrat: Autocrat: Militaristic, suppressed power of nobility, used secret police, used capital punishment Militaristic, suppressed power of nobility, used secret police, used capital punishment Westernization: Westernization: Political = streamlines bureaucracy Political = streamlines bureaucracy Economic= built up mining/ iron industry Economic= built up mining/ iron industry Social = encourages western styles among the upper classes; education for nobility Social = encourages western styles among the upper classes; education for nobility

Peter the Great Read the document: What was his impact? What was his impact? How was he viewed? How was he viewed?

What a person says is impacted by who they are and where they are This is known as “point of view” in WHAP This is known as “point of view” in WHAP explaining how the circumstances and background of the author affect a document explaining how the circumstances and background of the author affect a document Some things that impact pov Some things that impact pov Political ideology, Class, Race, Religion, Nationality, Profession, Gender Political ideology, Class, Race, Religion, Nationality, Profession, Gender Not simply bias – everyone is biased Not simply bias – everyone is biased

Analyze the point of view of Sherbatov’s or Lomonosov’s document. “_________ (author) _________ (content) because ________ (circumstance).” “_________ (author) emphasizes _________ (content) because ________ (circumstance).” “_________ (author) _________ (content) because ________ (circumstance).” “_________ (author) attempts to persuade _________ (content) because ________ (circumstance).” “_________ (author) _________ (content) because ________ (circumstance).” “_________ (author) attempts to justify _________ (content) because ________ (circumstance).”

Results of Peter’s Reforms Changes were selective Changes were selective Military & trained bureaucrats, but not representative parliaments or independent merchants Military & trained bureaucrats, but not representative parliaments or independent merchants Upper class, but not lower class Upper class, but not lower class Serf labor expanded Serf labor expanded Encouraged the autocratic state; didn’t challenge it Encouraged the autocratic state; didn’t challenge it Widespread resentment as people clung to Russian traditions Widespread resentment as people clung to Russian traditions

Catherine the Great ( ) Consolidating Reforms Selective Westernizer Selective Westernizer Enlightened Despot ? Enlightened Despot ? Enlightenment ideals Enlightenment ideals Expands tsarist power Expands tsarist power

Catherine the Great ( ) Political = Political = increases power of nobility over the serfs, censors revolutionary ideas, crushes rebellions increases power of nobility over the serfs, censors revolutionary ideas, crushes rebellions Economic = Economic = further entrenches Russia into serfdom further entrenches Russia into serfdom Territorial= Territorial= campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, claims Siberia and Alaska, claims part of Poland campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, claims Siberia and Alaska, claims part of Poland Cultural = Cultural = patronized Western art, architecture and clothing styles, but avoided other influences (French Revolution) patronized Western art, architecture and clothing styles, but avoided other influences (French Revolution)

Selective Westernization: palace architecture

Peter I v. Catherine II Who had the greater impact on : Russian politics Russian politics The Russian economy & serfdom The Russian economy & serfdom Russian culture Russian culture

Peter Ambitious, Adventurous, Autocratic Related to Caesars, Muscovites, & the Romanovs Lover of sailing, shaving, & ballet Who feels enlightened, armed, & self-conscious Who needs secret police, metallurgy, & serf labor Who fears stagnation, revolt, & boyar influence Who gives codified laws, trained bureaucrats, & new taxes Who would like to see scientific institutes, selective westernization & a warm water port Resident of 18 th century, St. Petersburg, Russia the Great

Russia Today: Czar Putin? CNN’s Amanpour Reports: Czar Putin CNN’s Amanpour Reports: Czar Putin CNN’s Amanpour Reports: Czar Putin CNN’s Amanpour Reports: Czar Putin

Trade & Economic Dependence 95% rural population; few artisans or merchants 95% rural population; few artisans or merchants Little incentive for agricultural or industrial innovation Little incentive for agricultural or industrial innovation Vast size allows economy to support nobility & growing population Vast size allows economy to support nobility & growing population

Serfdom 1200s: peasants relatively free before Mongols 1200s: peasants relatively free before Mongols 1500s: serfdom used to appease nobles & extend state control 1500s: serfdom used to appease nobles & extend state control 1649: serfdom became hereditary 1649: serfdom became hereditary 1700s: laws tie serfs to land, give nobles great rights 1700s: laws tie serfs to land, give nobles great rights Serfs were almost slaves Serfs were almost slaves

Peasants in Russian village

Reflection Write a paragraph in response to one of the following: 1. Compare and contrast Russia (3 rd Rome) to the Roman Empire 2. Compare and contrast Peter the Great & Catherine the Great. 3. Explain the connections between early modern Russia and 20 th century Communist/post-Communist Russia.