1. Russian Empire: Challenges of Modernization

2. Avvakum and Old Believers

4. Movement away from Mongols

5. The Gathering of Russian Lands
Beginnings of Imperial state

6. Cossacks
The driving force in Ivan’s attempts to unify under an autocratic regime.

7. The Third Rome Caesaropapism/Caesar/Tsar Divine Right of Kings
Autocratic

8. Ivan IV (the terrible)

9. Governance
Chosen council
Assemblies of the land

11. Oprichniki

13. Time of Troubles

14. Romanov Dynasty

15. Peter the Great Conquerors Video An inspired youth
Connnection to the Sea

16. Russia and the Sea

18. Peter the Tsar (Czar) Reforms
Instituted a forced and rapid modernization
Worked to base Russian industries on most advanced science and technology
Sent Russians to study abroad
Traveled to western Europe to learn about governments, military, and industries

19. Military reform
Equipped better-paid and better-trained armies with modern weapons
Ordered aristocratic officers to study mathematics and geometry
Built the largest army in Europe, defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War

20. Bureaucratic reform
Relied on nobles to serve as government officials
Established the Table of Ranks based on merits
Social reform
Abolished the terem (harem), encouraged social mixing of the sexes
Ordered women to wear western clothing and ordered men to shave beards

21. “Window to the West” PORT! Great Northern War St. Petersburg
Modern power at time of his death in 1725

26. Politics of the 17th century
England
French Absolutism
Habsburg Empire

27. The Limits of Westernization
Best emphasized by Catherine the Great
The Czarina tried to westernize, but found continuing these reforms impossible.
Attracted to ideals of the West—Voltaire and the Enlightenment.
Unwilling to relinquish her absolutist control.
“You write on paper, I have to write on skin which is far more ticklish”.

29. Pugachev’s Rebellion Peasant rebellion Protesting taxes
Attacked nobles, officials, and priests
Crushed by the Czar’s army
Ended any ideas of westernization in Russia.
Restrict foreign ideas in Russia

30. Russian Empire

31. Social matters in Russia
Similar to China in that their social system is dependent on the status of peasants (serfs)
Law Code of 1649
Serfs can be sold
Fixed occupational castes
Catherine gave greater control over serfs
Nobility given near complete control over their lives

32. Russian commerce Began with European trade—primarily in fur.
Russians interested in European wares and manufactured goods.
Russians gradually grew weary of trade and demanded restriction on foreign trade

33. Russian Religion Two primary views
Avvakum and the Old Believers refused to accept the views of Nikon and the New Believers.
Political influence over time.

34. Russian Empire under Pressure
Crimean War:
Russia seeking a warm water Mediterranean Port
At the expense of the Ottomans
Eastern Question
Russia whipped—demonstrates need to modernize

36. Attempts to modernize in wake of Crimean War
Problem
Outcome
Liberation of serfs by Alexander the II
Increasing agricultural output by liberating serfs
Give political rights in the form of zemstvos
Serfs had to pay a tax without political rights, preferred serfdom.
Agricultural production didn’t increase
Undemocratic bodies with no real authority

37. Attempts to modernize industry
Solution
Outcome
Sergei Witte’s system to promote railway construction
Remodeled the state bank
Industrialization
Other industries stimulated
Loans were easier to get and industry grew
Fell hardest on workers

38. Russo-Japanese War Goal Outcome
Territorial conquest in goal of modernization
Significant, embarrasing defeat.

39. Political Changes Revolution of 1905 Outcome Bloody Sunday Massacre
Peasant uprising and Urban workers formed “soviets”
Establishment of Duma
Socialism begins to become a powerful force in Russia.