Chapters to Study: Chapter 3, Chapter , Chapter , Chapter 23.3, Chapter 27.2, Chapter 33.3

The division of a country or region into multiple independent states.

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka

1. Suffering exists… 2. And is caused by desire. They are associated with Buddhism 3. There is an end to suffering… 4. By following the 8 Fold Path.

Brahma (the Creator) Vishnu (the Preserver) Shiva (the Destroyer)

The Salt March was a symbolic gesture against British oppression under the colonial viceroy because under this system salt refinement was banned to the Indians. The march was led by Gandhi who was joined by 78 followers on his 240 mile march to the sea.

It is the path that an individual must follow in order to end suffering and achieve enlightenment. It is practices by Buddhists.

Sparked by rumors of bullet cartridges being greased with cow and pig fat, the Sepoy rebellion marked the end of rule by the British East India Company and the beginning of the British Raj.

Similarities: Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Ahimsa Differences: Caste System, Path to enlightenment, Type of reincarnation, Deities, suffering.

The caste system was developed by the Aryans and is based on the principles of race and occupation. The light skinned Aryans placed themselves on the top and the darker skinned Dravidians on the bottom. It was tied to religion to get everyone to buy into the new social structure, thereby enforcing rules about social behavior.

Shudras Vaishyas Kshatriyas Brahmins Pariahs  Untouchables Priests Warriors/ Rulers Farmers/ Merchants Servants

Dalites: They perform jobs that are considered to make an individuals soul impure, such as leather working or disposing of corpses. This impurity was considered contagious and therefore individuals in the upper castes should not touch them for fear of their soul also becoming impure.

To work for an independent India, free of British rule. It was the first nationalistic group in India.

The British Raj: A colonial viceroy in which India was considered part of the British empire and was ruled by a governor as a direct representative of the monarch.

India was viewed as both a market to sell finished products in and a source of raw materials (such as salt and spices) and cash crops. It also held a strategic location giving the British direct access to East and Southeast Asia.

Positives Access to education Increased infrastructure Civil service and centralized bureaucracy Control of tensions between Hindus and Muslims Modernization Destruction of native industry (ex. weaving) Exploitation of resources Kept out of major government posts. Discrimination and dismissal of culture. “knife of sugar” Negatives

The Hindu principle of Nonviolence

Single party rule under the leadership of the Congress Party (formerly the Indian National Congress) led by Jawharlal Nehru who attempted to equalize Indian society and stabilize the economy.

The British exploited the failing empire by turning provincial rulers against each other. They intervened in their fights in exchange for land rights. With the fall of the empire, the East India Company established its rule.

The ultimate energy source of the universe. A Hindu’s ultimate goal is to unite with Brahman (moksha) to achieve eternal peace and end the cycle of reincarnation (Nirvana).

They are placed on the side of the road to mark sites related to events in the Buddha’s life.

Sitar

Dharma (correct religious behavior that impacts your life) and Karma (right and wrong / good and bad actions) determine the purity of an individual’s soul and where (or what) they are reincarnated (reborn) to. These concepts are shared by both Hindus and Buddhists although they differ in their beliefs about reincarnation.

It represents the cycle of life and rebirth.

The ability to move from one social class to another. This is prohibited by the caste system.

Unlike the Abrahamic religions, Hinduism does not have one single book, but a collection of sacred texts. The sacred texts of Hinduism are the Vedas. The oldest of the Vedas is the Rig Veda and the most important is the Upanishads.

Traditional cloth worn by Hindu men. Gandhi is particularly known for wearing one.

It has no single founder. Hinduism was established through the acculturation of the Aryans and Dravidians.

Siddhartha Gautama, who is also known as the Buddha or “Enlightened One”.

Indian troops serving under the British and used in their wars over control of the subcontinent. The Sepoys were required to serve worldwide (a very unpopular move) and rebelled in 1858 as a result of tainted bullet cartridges.

Located in North India, Kashmir is claimed by both India and Pakistan and serves to create tension between the two countries and has been influential in the establishment of a nuclear arms race between them.

Countries, such as India, refused to take sides during the Cold War. While countries like the United States and Britain became the 1 st world and countries like the USSR became the 2 nd world, nonaligned countries became known as the 3 rd world.

She devoted her life to helping poor Indians in the city of Calcutta and founded the Missionaries of Charity.