 Puerto Rico split on who they wanted to rule  Some feared US would not allow them to self rule  Some wanted to be territory with self rule in local government  US Military rule during war  Puerto Rico important to US… why?  US presence in Caribbean, Panama Canal  Foraker Act  Ended military rule  US- power to appoint governor and house members  Citizenship?

 More of the same at first  After war ended, US troops still present..  Same officials from Spanish rule still in office..  But,  Military government provided food and clothing for thousands  Helped farmers  Organized schools  Improve sanitation and medicine ▪ Helped eliminate yellow

 Cuba wrote a constitution, but left out their relationship with the US  US insisted that they include provisions, known as the Platt Amendment  Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory  US reserved the right to intervene Cuba  Cuba was not to go in debt  US could buy/lease land on the island for naval and refueling stations  US military rule would not leave until Cuba signed  Cuba’s reaction?

 US needed strong political presence to protect investments  Sugar  Tobacco  Mining industries

 Filipinos outraged by Treaty of Paris conditions  Wanted independence, not annexation!  Emilio Aguinaldo leads revolt against US  Guerilla warfare  US forced Filipinos to live in designated zones where sanitation was poor and disease killed thousands… ▪ Same thing Spain did to Cubans…  Americans looked at Filipinos as inferiors  African Americans made up a good number of troops  Some deserted US to the Filipino side  Took US almost 3 years to put down uprising  20K Filipino lives, 4K American lives, $400M (20x what US paid)  Set up similar government to Puerto Rico

 China= potential market for American trade and investments  Rest of Europe/Japan on the same page  US feared that they wouldn’t get their share  Worried that other countries would make colonies and keep America out  US Sec. of State John Hay issues Open Door Notes  Letters to other nations  “we won’t interfere with you if you don’t interfere with us”  Prevents monopoly on China Market

 Many Americans felt that it was wrong for US to rile over other nations without their consent  Conflicts with how America was founded  Many famous people in this organization  Mark Twain, Jane Adams, Andrew Carnegie  Although objection, had little influence on American foreign policy

 Helps make peace with the Russo- Japanese war  Negotiated with each nation to keep them out of war ▪ Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906  Panama Canal  America needed a canal through Central America ▪ US helped Panama gain independence from Colombia in order to build Canal  Construction of canal- one of world’s greatest engineering feats ▪ Work- long, hard… diseases, 5600 died ▪ $380 million  America, not very popular in Latin America after helping rebellion…

 Latin American countries were borrowing $$ from Europe  Roosevelt worried that if they didn’t pay back, Europe would intervene  Remember Monroe Doctrine?  told Europe to stay of Latin American Affairs  Roosevelt Corollary- US would use force to protect interests in Latin America ▪ Police of western hemisphere ▪ “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

 US made loans to Latin American nations in order to keep European nations out  Most of the time peaceful  US loaned Nicaragua money  In exchange, US took over railroad and banks ▪ Nicaraguans not happy, revolt against president  US sent marines down to end revolt ▪ Some wouldn’t leave until the 1930’s

 US had the moral responsibility to deny recognition of any Latin American country it viewed as undemocratic, oppressive or hostile towards US interests  Pressured Latin American countries to become democratic nations  Mexican rebellions put this to the test  Mexican peasants and workers overthrew their dictator  Wilson wouldn’t recognize new leader ▪ Waited for opportunity to intervene  Americans arrested, US attacks ▪ Brought US and Mexico close to war, but other nations resolved conflict

 New leader, little Mexican support  Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata- leaders of Mexican rebels  US recognized new government, rebels mad at US  American miners were shot by Villa  Raided a town in New Mexico killing 17  US sent down 15,000 troops to find Pancho  Mexicans don’t like it  Almost went to war, but both sides backed down

 Expanded access to foreign markets  Economic motives  Territorial Gains  economic, strategic, religious, etc  Built navy to protect interests  military/strategic, economic  International police power in Latin America  military, economic  What else?  SO WHAT!?!?!