 100 Years War and Black Death  Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church  The Corruption within the Catholic Church

 Prior to the Reformation most Christians in Western Europe were Roman Catholic  The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church  People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

 In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions  The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

 Martin Luther  John Calvin  Ulrich Zwingli  Henry VIII

 Lived from in Germany  Father encouraged him to study law  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

 He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven  He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort  In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

 A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)  He criticized:  The Power of the Pope  The Extreme Wealth of the Church  Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

 Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs  Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany  Gained support from people and criticism from Church

 Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas  Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

 Leo X excommunicates Luther  Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) summons Luther to Diet of Worms  Luther refuses to recant his views  Declared an outlaw  Decade later Charles V institutes the Peace of Augsburg Church Reaction

 Major Leaders  Ulrich Zwingli  Stressed importance of the Bible  Rejected elaborate church ritual  John Calvin  Shared many of Luther’s beliefs  Preached predestination  world divided into sinners and saints John Calvin

 John Calvin  Set up theocracy in Geneva  Attempted to build a truly Christian Society  Calvinism not accepted by Catholics and Lutherans  Ignites wars of religion in France

Catholics achieve it through faith, following rituals, and good works Lutherans achieve it through faith Calvinists God alone predetermines who will be saved

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

English Reformation Henry VIII > Protestant Reformer –Pope refused to annul (divorce) him from Catherine of Aragon –Mad > takes over English Church Act of Supremacy –declares him head of the church Rejects many Protestant doctrines Edward VI takes the throne –Makes England a Protestant country Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) takes throne –Back to a Catholic country Elizabeth I takes throne –Restores unity with Religious Compromise –England religiously tolerant but a Protestant Country

Catholic Reformation Also known as the Counter Reformation –Attempt to end corruption Council of Trent formed –Met 20 years –Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views of salvation, etc. –Took steps to end abuses Provided stiff penalties –Est. more schools to challenge Protestant teachings Inquisition strengthened to fight Protestants –Books of Luther and Calvin were forbidden New religious order recognized > Society of Jesus (Jesuits) –Led by Ignatius of Loyola Job was to defend and spread Catholicism Religious conflict will cont. > lead to wars > division to this day between Protestants and Catholics