OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR Germany unified in 1862 under BismarckGermany unified in 1862 under Bismarck Went to war with Austria – Austria lost territoryWent to war with Austria – Austria lost territory Went to war with Denmark and gained the territory of Shelserth and HolsteinWent to war with Denmark and gained the territory of Shelserth and Holstein War with France – Franc-Prussian War 1871War with France – Franc-Prussian War 1871 France lost Alsace and LorraineFrance lost Alsace and Lorraine Wilhelm I Kaiser died and grandson Wilhelm II inherited the throne and fired Bismarck.Wilhelm I Kaiser died and grandson Wilhelm II inherited the throne and fired Bismarck.

PRELUDE TO WAR 1861 Garibaldi & Cavour united Italy1861 Garibaldi & Cavour united Italy Red Shirts were the rebels who wanted unification and assisted Garibaldi and CavourRed Shirts were the rebels who wanted unification and assisted Garibaldi and Cavour King Victor Emanuel of Sardinia becomes king of a united ItalyKing Victor Emanuel of Sardinia becomes king of a united Italy

TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed an alliance to protect each other.Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed an alliance to protect each other Bismarck made a separate agreement with Russia1887 Bismarck made a separate agreement with Russia When the new King Wilhelm II became king he fired Bismarck and forgot about the treaty with RussiaWhen the new King Wilhelm II became king he fired Bismarck and forgot about the treaty with Russia He industrialized Germany and beefed up the Empire.He industrialized Germany and beefed up the Empire.

ENTENTE CORDIALE 1884 Great Britain, Russia and France formed their own alliance.1884 Great Britain, Russia and France formed their own alliance. Rivalry over colonies in Africa caused insecurityRivalry over colonies in Africa caused insecurity Alliances helped to alleviate some of those issues.Alliances helped to alleviate some of those issues.

ALLIANCES Alliances created tense momentsAlliances created tense moments Things could get out of control if you knew you would be backed up unconditionallyThings could get out of control if you knew you would be backed up unconditionally

THE ISMS Militarism – glorified war - the best way to solve a problem was to go to war.Militarism – glorified war - the best way to solve a problem was to go to war. Imperialism – disputes over coloniesImperialism – disputes over colonies Nationalism – extreme nationalism led to tensionsNationalism – extreme nationalism led to tensions Armaments – build up of weaponsArmaments – build up of weapons

SELF DETERMINATION 1878 – Bosnia, Serbia, Herzovenia1878 – Bosnia, Serbia, Herzovenia Wanted to create a Greater SerbiaWanted to create a Greater Serbia Southern Slavs feared uprising in AustriaSouthern Slavs feared uprising in Austria Much Anti-Austrian sentiments throughout the regionMuch Anti-Austrian sentiments throughout the region

MURDER IN SARAJEVO Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand the heir to the Austrian throne and his wife traveled toArch Duke Francis Ferdinand the heir to the Austrian throne and his wife traveled to Serbia – Sarajevo Serbian National – rebel – assassinated the Arch Duke Ferdinand and his wife Serbian National – rebel – assassinated the Arch Duke Ferdinand and his wife Gavrile Principe assassinated Ferdinand & SophieGavrile Principe assassinated Ferdinand & Sophie Belonged to the Black Hand insurrectionist groupBelonged to the Black Hand insurrectionist group

TROUBLE IN THE BALKINS Austria issues a an Ultimatum to SerbiaAustria issues a an Ultimatum to Serbia –1. Ordered Serbia to end all Anti-Austrian activity –2. Allow Austrian officials to conduct the investigation of the murder. –3. Austria gave Serbia 48 hours to comply with the above terms

WAR DECLARED!! Austria declared war on SerbiaAustria declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Germany declared war on SerbiaJuly 28, 1914 Germany declared war on Serbia Germany started mobilizing troops readying for warGermany started mobilizing troops readying for war Russia ordered Germany to stop this activityRussia ordered Germany to stop this activity Germany declared war on Russia July Germany declared war on Russia July

ALLIANCES Alliances trapped country’s into going to war to help the ally.Alliances trapped country’s into going to war to help the ally. Alliances escalated the warAlliances escalated the war

ALLIANCES ALLIES – England, France RussiaALLIES – England, France Russia 1917 US joins Allies1917 US joins Allies Japan also joins Allies – promised territory in AsiaJapan also joins Allies – promised territory in Asia Italy joins Allies switches sides!!!Italy joins Allies switches sides!!! CENTRAL POWERS- Germany Austria-HungaryCENTRAL POWERS- Germany Austria-Hungary Italy did not immediately join the Central Powers and were neutralItaly did not immediately join the Central Powers and were neutral Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the CENTRAL POWERS Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the CENTRAL POWERS

WAR Most of the war was fought in FranceMost of the war was fought in France From August 1914 to November 1914From August 1914 to November ½ Million soldiers were killed!!!1 ½ Million soldiers were killed!!!

WAR NEW STYLE OF WARFARENEW STYLE OF WARFARE Trenches were dug barbed wire separated the enemies from each otherTrenches were dug barbed wire separated the enemies from each other Land between two fronts is call No Mans LandLand between two fronts is call No Mans Land Soldiers climbed out of trenches to attack oncoming troopsSoldiers climbed out of trenches to attack oncoming troops

TANK CRUISING DOWN THE STREET

WAR NEW DEVELOPMENT OF WEAPONSNEW DEVELOPMENT OF WEAPONS –1. Rapid fire machine guns –2. Long range guns and missiles –3. Explosives shells fired toward enemy –4. Poison Gas –5. Tanks –6. Air Planes

GERMAN U BOAT

MEN FIRING ARTILARY WITH GAS MASKS

SEA PLANES OBSERVATION TACTICS

MACHINE GUN

TRENCHES

GRENADIERS GRENADE LAUNCHERSGRENADE LAUNCHERS

TANK

WAR NEW DEVELOPMENT OF WEAPONSNEW DEVELOPMENT OF WEAPONS –1. Rapid fire machine guns –2. Long range guns and missiles –3. Explosives shells fired toward enemy –4. Poison Gas –5. Tanks –6. Air Planes

STALEMATE 1915 Stalemate neither side moved more than a total 4 miles.1915 Stalemate neither side moved more than a total 4 miles. February 1916 Germany began a new battle plan. February 1916 Germany began a new battle plan. Took an offensive at Verdun which was protected by a ring of forts.Took an offensive at Verdun which was protected by a ring of forts. After 5 months Germany got some territory but failed to capture VerdunAfter 5 months Germany got some territory but failed to capture Verdun 700,000 killed!!!700,000 killed!!!

EASTERN FRONT Field Marshall Paul Von Hindenberg defeated the Russians at the battle of Tannenberg 1915Field Marshall Paul Von Hindenberg defeated the Russians at the battle of Tannenberg Russian Front collapsed1916 Russian Front collapsed Russian Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throneRussian Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne Revolution at home caused by weak leadershipRevolution at home caused by weak leadership Food shortages, heavy causalitiesFood shortages, heavy causalities

ITALY Italy joined Allies 1915Italy joined Allies 1915 Gave up territory in Austria and AfricaGave up territory in Austria and Africa 1917 German and Austrian troops broke through Italian lines at Caporetto and forced Italians into a retreat.1917 German and Austrian troops broke through Italian lines at Caporetto and forced Italians into a retreat.

JAPAN Japan joined Allies in 1914Japan joined Allies in 1914 Jumped at German spheres of influence in ChinaJumped at German spheres of influence in China Shangdong Peninsula and Pacific Islands run by GermanyShangdong Peninsula and Pacific Islands run by Germany Japanese Navy was to help war effort in return for those territories after the war.Japanese Navy was to help war effort in return for those territories after the war.

AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND Australia and New Zealand stole other German possessions in the PacificAustralia and New Zealand stole other German possessions in the Pacific

OTTOMAN EMPIRE Ottoman Empire enters the war aiding the Central PowersOttoman Empire enters the war aiding the Central Powers Ottomans put mines in the waters surrounding the DardanellesOttomans put mines in the waters surrounding the Dardanelles Ottomans had artillery posted along the coast linesOttomans had artillery posted along the coast lines Resulting in blocking the Black Sea preventing re-supplying of RussiaResulting in blocking the Black Sea preventing re-supplying of Russia

OTTOMANS Strategy of blockading the Black Sea kept the Russian fleet alienated.Strategy of blockading the Black Sea kept the Russian fleet alienated.

BATTLE OF GALLIPOLI 1915 British, French, Australians, New Zealanders, joined forces and landed and attempted to take the territory.1915 British, French, Australians, New Zealanders, joined forces and landed and attempted to take the territory. Ottomans and Germans force Allies to retreat because they had the shoreline cliffs fortifiedOttomans and Germans force Allies to retreat because they had the shoreline cliffs fortified

GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN

AFRICA Arab nationals wanted to be independent of Ottoman rule and allied themselves with the BritishArab nationals wanted to be independent of Ottoman rule and allied themselves with the British New Alliances raided Ottoman towns and supply linesNew Alliances raided Ottoman towns and supply lines Ottomans forced to retreat and were finished in October 1918Ottomans forced to retreat and were finished in October 1918

AFRICA French and English took coastal colonies that belonged to the GermansFrench and English took coastal colonies that belonged to the Germans Union of South Africa invaded nearby Southwest AfricaUnion of South Africa invaded nearby Southwest Africa Never defeated German troops in East AfricaNever defeated German troops in East Africa

ROLE OF UNITED STATES NEUTRALITYNEUTRALITY U. S. tried to remain relatively neutral from U. S. tried to remain relatively neutral from Europe tried to involve the U. S. by spreading propagandaEurope tried to involve the U. S. by spreading propaganda Struggle between Democracy and Autocracy Ottoman Empire enters the war aiding the Central PowersStruggle between Democracy and Autocracy Ottoman Empire enters the war aiding the Central Powers

U.S. U.S. Banks loaned money to Allies and were worried about their investment if the Allies lost.U.S. Banks loaned money to Allies and were worried about their investment if the Allies lost. Allies used the loans to purchase supplies from the U. S.Allies used the loans to purchase supplies from the U. S.

U. S Zimmerman Telegram1917 Zimmerman Telegram German Foreign Minister Zimmerman telegraphed a message to Mexico and the British intercepted and decoded it.German Foreign Minister Zimmerman telegraphed a message to Mexico and the British intercepted and decoded it. The message was inflammatoryThe message was inflammatory Germany promised Mexico the return of Texas and other Southwestern states in return for help from Mexico against the U. S.Germany promised Mexico the return of Texas and other Southwestern states in return for help from Mexico against the U. S.

U. S. DECLARES WAR April 1917 the U. S. declared war on Germany toApril 1917 the U. S. declared war on Germany to “Make the World Safe for Democracy”“Make the World Safe for Democracy”

U.S. INVOLVEMENT German U Boats sank ships in the open seawayGerman U Boats sank ships in the open seaway British and French seized merchant shipsBritish and French seized merchant ships May 1915 Lusitania was sunk by German U BoatsMay 1915 Lusitania was sunk by German U Boats The Lusitania was a British passenger ship 1200 people perishedThe Lusitania was a British passenger ship 1200 people perished Carried Contraband Armaments on shipCarried Contraband Armaments on ship

RUSSIA MAKES PEACE Russia removed itself from the war and closed the Eastern Front.Russia removed itself from the war and closed the Eastern Front. Germany could now totally focus on the Western FrontGermany could now totally focus on the Western Front Russia signs the Peace of Brest Lovitz and looses territory to GermanyRussia signs the Peace of Brest Lovitz and looses territory to Germany

AMERICAN TROOPS LAND IN FRANCE June 1918 American forces finally land in FranceJune 1918 American forces finally land in France Helped defeat the Germans at Chateau Thierry on the Marne RiverHelped defeat the Germans at Chateau Thierry on the Marne River

KAISER ASKS FOR AN ARMISTICE September 1918 the Kaiser asked for a cease fire – armisticeSeptember 1918 the Kaiser asked for a cease fire – armistice The war endsThe war ends NOVEMBER 11, 1918 ARMISTICE DAYNOVEMBER 11, 1918 ARMISTICE DAY

PEACE NEGOTIATIONS President Wilson tries to negotiate a fair peacePresident Wilson tries to negotiate a fair peace WILSONS 14 POINTS 1. SELF DETERMINATION 2. A FAIR PEACE 3. DISARMAMENT 4. FAIR TREATMENT OF COLONIAL PEOPLES 5. LEAGUE OF NATIONS – CONFERNCE TO KEEP PEACE

TREATY OF VERSAILLES June 1919 peace settlementJune 1919 peace settlement 5 separate treaties5 separate treaties Each with defeated statesEach with defeated states GermanyGermany AustriaAustria HungaryHungary BulgariaBulgaria Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

TERMS OF THE TREATY 1. Return Alsace and Lorraine to France1. Return Alsace and Lorraine to France 2. French control coal mines in the Saar Valley for 15 years2. French control coal mines in the Saar Valley for 15 years 3. Polish Corridor set up for Poland to have a port on the Baltic Sea – land taken from Germany and given to Poland3. Polish Corridor set up for Poland to have a port on the Baltic Sea – land taken from Germany and given to Poland 4. Danzig Seaport became a “Free Trade Seaport” neither nation controlled it4. Danzig Seaport became a “Free Trade Seaport” neither nation controlled it

TERMS OF THE TREATY 5. Demilitarized zone set for both sides of the Rhine River bordering France5. Demilitarized zone set for both sides of the Rhine River bordering France 6. Reduce the German Army to 100,000 men6. Reduce the German Army to 100,000 men 7. No artillery tanks or war planes to be manufactured by Germany7. No artillery tanks or war planes to be manufactured by Germany 8. Draft ended8. Draft ended 9. Only a volunteer army9. Only a volunteer army 10. No submarines – limited Navy to a small fleet10. No submarines – limited Navy to a small fleet

GERMAN COLONIES German colonies were to be ruled by mandatesGerman colonies were to be ruled by mandates Run by another country until it was “ready” for independenceRun by another country until it was “ready” for independence Japan gained Pacific Islands but not the Shandong PeninsulaJapan gained Pacific Islands but not the Shandong Peninsula

REPARATIONS France and England wanted war damages fines to be paid by GermanyFrance and England wanted war damages fines to be paid by Germany France’s land was destroyed and unfit for farmingFrance’s land was destroyed and unfit for farming $33 Billion compiled in 1921$33 Billion compiled in 1921 Unrealistic – Punitive – Not the only country to wreak destruction – Austria????Unrealistic – Punitive – Not the only country to wreak destruction – Austria????

NEW BORDERS CON’T 7. Ottoman Empire vanished Nationalists got rid of the Sultan Turkey formed.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS League of Nations formed 60 countries joined to settle disputes. The United States did not sign the treaty! The Senate refused to entangle the U. S. into other nation’s affairs.

PEACE PROCESS 1. France wanted payback!!1. France wanted payback!! 2. Self determination difficult to carry out especially in the Balkans2. Self determination difficult to carry out especially in the Balkans 3. Deals the Allies made with Italy and Japan could disrupt the peace process3. Deals the Allies made with Italy and Japan could disrupt the peace process

NEW BORDERS EUROPE’S NEW BOUNDRIES 1.Austria-Hungary defunct 2.Hungary independent 3.Austria size reduced 4.Czechoslovakia created from Czechs and Slovaks 5.Croats and Slovenes created Yugoslavia 6.Italy and Romania gained territory.

GERMANY & V. TREATY New democratic government formedNew democratic government formed Kaiser gone!!!Kaiser gone!!! Economy could recoverEconomy could recover Produced Iron and SteelProduced Iron and Steel.

THE GREAT WAR WWI was the first “total war”WWI was the first “total war” It involved massive destruction of people and property.It involved massive destruction of people and property. 8 Million died8 Million died 21 Million wounded21 Million wounded.

SOME ANICDOTES Meatless Tuesdays established to ration the supply of meat for soldiers.Meatless Tuesdays established to ration the supply of meat for soldiers. Milk and sugar were rationed.Milk and sugar were rationed. Daylight savings time was established to conserve fuel.Daylight savings time was established to conserve fuel. Propaganda PostersPropaganda Posters Newspapers were censored!!Newspapers were censored!!.

INTERESTING FACTS The government took over the economyThe government took over the economy Made sure that all products being manufactured were for the war effortMade sure that all products being manufactured were for the war effort The government commandeered factories and had them make munitions, tanks and planes for the soldiers.The government commandeered factories and had them make munitions, tanks and planes for the soldiers..

RESULTS OF WWI Women went to work in factories, military service, offices, service industries.Women went to work in factories, military service, offices, service industries. They:They: –Drove ambulances –Trucks, busses –Gas meter reader –Railroad conductors –Lab assistants –Plumbers –Banking assistants

RESULTS OF WWI Women won the right to vote!!!Women won the right to vote!!! Suffragettes picketed and finally won.Suffragettes picketed and finally won.

ITEMS REMAINING UNSETTLED 1. Militaristic ideals perpetuated1. Militaristic ideals perpetuated –Extremists – political parties still glorified war 2. Imperialism remained in tact2. Imperialism remained in tact –Mandate system deferred independence 3. Nationalist rivalries increased3. Nationalist rivalries increased –Germany vowed revenge –Italy wanted more of Austria –Japan was unsatisfied with territory gained

FLU EPIDEMIC 1918 The flu killed 20 million people1918 The flu killed 20 million people Spread like wild fireSpread like wild fire Soldiers had the flu in the trenches and brought it home to their familiesSoldiers had the flu in the trenches and brought it home to their families

THE END