HST -1 Respiratory System

Functions of the Respiratory System Exchange gases between blood and lungs Regulate body temp by cooling or warming blood Maintain blood’s electrolyte balance

Types of Respiration External respiration (ventilation): brings O2 into lungs Internal respirations: exchange O2 & CO2 between blood & body cells Cellular respiration: changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells.

What controls the Respiratory System? The Nervous System

Structures of the Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity Filters out foreign particles Warms and moistens air Sense of smell Tonsils at back of throat help body resist infection

Functions of the Respiratory System Tears drain into nose to provide additional moisture for air

Sinuses What is a sinus cavity? Air filled cavity that is lined with mucous membrane Sinus Cavity functions to: Decrease bone weight for cranium Regulates temperature of air before reaches lungs Help give resonance to voice

Pharynx AKA: Back of throat Subdivisions: Nasopharynx Oropharynx laryngopharynx Contain opening of Eustachian tube Branches into trachea and esophagus

Larynx AKA: Voice box Below pharynx-two folds of cartilage Sounds are made by a vibration of the vocal cords Epiglottis Covers larynx during swallowing Prevent food and liquid from entering lungs

Trachea AKA: Windpipe Extending from larynx to center of chest Lined with C-shaped cartilage to keep passageway open Dorsal surface open to allow expansion of esophagus when swallowing

Tracheotomy- surgical incision into the trachea.

Bronchi Two major branches of trachea into lungs Lined with cilia and mucus to catch dust and germs Branches into smaller bronchioles

Alveoli Air sacs at terminal ends of bronchioles Surrounded by capillaries where exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide occurs by diffusion The alveolus are lined with surfactant to allow for diffusion

Lungs Divided into sections called lobes Right lung Three lobes Left lung Two lobes Surrounded by double membrane (pleura) which separates and lubricates lung tissue

Mediastinum The space between the lungs containing the heart, esophagus, nerves, lower trachea, and bronchi is called the mediastinum

Diaphragm Large, flat muscle separating thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity Contraction causes inhalation, relaxation causes exhalation

Process of Respiration

Process of Respiration Occurs in two phases Inspiration and expiration

Process of Respiration Inspiration or inhalation Diaphragm and intercostals muscles contract and enlarge thoracic cavity Creates a vacuum causing air to rush in

Process of Respiration Expiration or exhalation Diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax Air forced out of lungs and air passages

Process of Respiration Process controlled in brain Increase in CO2 causes increased rate of respirations Usually involuntary, but can be controlled

Lung Function Assessment Techniques

Rate: # of breaths per minute Normals: Adults: Children: >20 Types of respirations: Eupnea: normal respiration Dyspnea: painful or difficult Bradypnea: <10 Tachypnea: >24 Apnea: no respiration; rapid series then pause

Assessment Techniques Character: Should have regular rhythm at regular intervals Normal: Regular/ Irregular Dry  Abnormal: Irregular/Deep/Shallow

Assessment Techniques Sounds Normal breath sounds: Dry Clear Abnormal breath sounds: Wheezing Rales (mucus in trachea)

Lung Function Testing Volume (Respiratory Capacity) Tidal volume Amount of air taken in during normal breathing Normal: ml Inspiratory capacity volume Amount of air that may be taken in by lungs when taking deep breath Normal: 2-3L

Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be forced out of lungs after exhaling normally Normal about 1.2L Lung Function Testing

Vital Capacity Total capacity of lungs except for residual volume Normals:3-5L Residual volume Amount air remaining after as much air as possible can be expelled to keep lungs inflated Normal: ml

Lung Function Testing Blood Gases  Measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide present in the blood to determine how well the lungs are working.

Conditions of Respiratory System

Asthma Causes: Allergic Reaction Cold temps Exercise Strong emotion Symptoms: Bronchi narrow and spasm Wheezing Difficulty exhaling

Chronic Bronchitis Causes: Infection of bronchi Symptoms: Inflammation of bronchi Heavy cough Sputum production Treatments: rest,fluids, avoid smoking, bronchodialator or cough syrup. Chronic bronchitis: oral steroids, supplemental oxygen

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) A group of chronic respiratory disorders Asthma Chronic bronchitis Emphysyma Cystic fibrosis Symptoms: Shortness of breath Difficult respirations

Cystic Fibrosis Causes: Genetic disorder Symptoms: Mucus becomes thicker Excess salt appears on skin

Emphysema Causes: Mostly from smoking, > age 50 Symptoms: Alveoli lose elasticity Dyspnea

Pneumonia Causes: Infection of the lungs by pathogens Chemical irritants Symptoms: Inflammation of the lungs Buildup of excessive moisture/mucus Dyspnea

Respiratory Distress Syndrome When alveoli do not inflate properly Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): results from inhaling foreign substances and swelling of tissues Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS): Leading cause of death of premies Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Sudden death of infant < 1 year Unexplained death during sleep May be brain defect or environmental

The End