1. The Respiratory System
A breath of fresh air…

2. Respiration Review
Animals need to exchange gases with their surroundings (e.g. take oxygen in and release carbon dioxide (CO2)  also called breathing
Cellular respiration:
1 glucose + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
Note: Glucose comes from the breakdown of carbohydrates by the digestive system. Oxygen is delivered to body cells by the circulatory system
These are examples of how our body systems interact and need to work together!

3. Parts of the Respiratory System:
Summary of Respiration
Consists of Upper & Lower Respiratory Tracts

4. The Human Respiratory System
Nostrils:
Trap and filter out dust and foreign particles using tiny nose hairs and mucus
Warms incoming air
Pharynx (throat):
passageway for both air and food
Where nasal and oral cavities join
Nostrils
Pharynx

5. The Human Respiratory System
Larynx (voicebox):
contains vocal cords – size and thickness determines the pitch of sound
males have thicker and longer cords, thus a lower pitch
supported by various structures, one of which consists of two disks joined at an angle to form the Adam’s apple (thyroid cartilage)
Larynx

6. The Human Respiratory System
Trachea (windpipe):
Also known as the windpipe
Contains:
A flap-like structure called the Epiglottis (covers the trachea when swallowing to ensure food does not go down your trachea)
The Larynx (also known as the voice box because it contains your vocal cords  air forced up from the lungs causes these elastic cords to vibrate and produce sounds
Bronchi (bronchus)
One of two air passageways that moves inhaled air from the trachea to the right or left lung
Trachea
Bronchi

7. The Human Respiratory System
Lungs
Contain:
Bronchioles – air passageways throughout the lungs that become smaller and smaller until they reach tiny air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli – tiny air sacs in which gas exchange occurs
Bronchioles
Alveoli

8. Extra details on the lungs…
main organ of respiratory system
outside is a moist, double layer of membrane called the pleura
visceral pleura: inner layer
parietal pleura: outer layer
pleural cavity: space between the two pleura
pleura protect the lungs and provide the moisture that allows movement
right lung: 3 lobes
left lung: 2 lobes

9. Gas Exchange (internal respiration):
Oxygen in alveoli diffuses across alveoli membrane and enters the blood
Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses across alveoli membrane and enters the alveoli

10. Two major tasks of the Respiratory system:
External Respiration, or breathing: exchange of air between the body and the outside environment.
Internal Respiration: bringing of oxygen to the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide from them
Cellular Respiration
(occurs at the cellular level
in all cells!

11. How we Breathe
Breathing Movements Video

12. How we Breathe Two steps:
Inspiration – air is forced into lungs (aka inhalation)
Expiration – air is forced out of lungs (aka exhalation)
Just as molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure!

13. How we Breathe Result: Situation: Air moves into lungs
Air moves out of lungs
Situation:
Air pressure is less in the lungs compared to outside the body
Air pressure is greater in the lungs compared to outside the body

14. Inspiration (Inhalation)
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward
Rib cage moves upward due to contraction of the intercostal muscles
Result: increase in volume of chest cavity causes a decrease in air pressure  air moves out of lungs

15. Expiration (exhalation)
Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
Rib cage moves downward due to relaxation of the intercostal muscles
Result: decrease in volume of chest cavity causes an increase in air pressure  air moves out of lungs

16. Terms:
Diaphragm – a muscle that separates the organs of the chest cavity form the abdominal cavity
Intercostal muscles – muscles between the ribs that raises (during inspiration) or lowers (during expiration) the rib cage
Pleural membranes – thin, fluid-filled membranes that surround and protect the outer surface of the lungs

18. Homework: Read “breathing in extremes” p.222-223
Answer Q# 1-2, 5, 11-12
Videos: Breath of Life:

19. Lung Capacity Amount of air lungs can hold
Varies with gender, size and age
Tidal volume = amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during one breath at rest
Vital capacity = volume of air during one maximal inhalation and exhalation
Residual volume = the remaining air that does not leave the lungs during forced exhalation – it keeps your alveoli and lungs from collapsing during forced exhalation.

20. Respiratory Rate Rate of Respiration:
Observed by chest movement upward and outward for a complete minute.
Auscultation with a stethoscope may be necessary on clients who are aware that you are counting their respiratory rate… why?
Rate of Respiration:
Normal range is breaths / min for an adult.
Rate will vary with age and size of individual
increased respiratory rate = hyperventilation.
decrease in rate and depth = hypoventilation.
Rhythm of Respiration – should be regular.
Quality of Respiration - can be shallow or deep.