Reconstruction

Handwritten Surrender Document April 1865

are in; to bind up the nation ’ s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations. ” Lincoln ’ s speech “ With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we

Social Impact Southern Loss-Way of life: Slavery Northern Occupation-Military Districts 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments Impact on poor southern whites and former slaves Black Codes Freedmen Bureau Sharecropping Ku Klux Klan aka white citizens council 14:37

Political Impact Wartime Reconstruction-During the last part of of the Civil War 1863:Lincoln's 10% Plan Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction Effects of Reconstructionhttps://youtu.be/P92hENQ2fCA 32:11https://youtu.be/P92hENQ2fCA

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Divided the south into 5 districts. An Army commander remained in control until the southern state rejoined the Union Approve a new state constitution Must pass the 14 th Amendment-Overturns Dred Scott Decision granting citizenship Give adult African American men the right vote-15 th Amendment

13th Amendment Abolished slavery (1865) 14th Amendment Provided citizenship & equal protection under the law. (1868) 15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all men which included white and black men. (1870) Voting rights A victory for democracy! Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly revolutionary……..A victory for democracy!

President Lincoln’s Plan  10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) before the end of the Civil War.  Replace majority rule with “ loyal rule ” in the South. Renounce secession.  He didn ’ t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. * It did NOT require ex-rebels to extend social or political rights to ex-slaves.

Surrender Documents

gentle Johnson ’ s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentle. Amnesty: Presidential pardon Rebels sign an oath of allegianceRebels sign an oath of allegiance 10% of the population10% of the population Even high ranking Confederate officialsEven high ranking Confederate officials Write new state Constitutions approve the 13th Amendmentapprove the 13th Amendment reject secession and state ’ s rightsreject secession and state ’ s rights submit to U.S. Government authoritysubmit to U.S. Government authority No mention of Education for freedmenEducation for freedmen Citizenship and voting rightsCitizenship and voting rights Presidential Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Assassination 1865 April 1863 he is shot at Fords Theater in Washington. Dies before the work of Reconstruction had really begun. Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President who is a southerner from North Carolina.

Andrew Johnson Plans to continue Lincoln’s plan He was a Democrat. Lincoln needed a person that would hold the south yet be loyal to the Union. He is a staunch supporter of state’s rights. He will be impeached for violation of the Tenure of Office Act. Presidential Reconstruction

Congressional Radical Reconstruction 10:28

Wade-Davis Bill 1864 Congress proposed this bill which was intended to punish the south. The Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 was a bill proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland. First, the legislation called for a complete abolition of slavery to prevent any type of residual survival the institution Second, the bill required 50% of rebellious voters to swear allegiance to the Union to be readmitted. Iron Clad Oath to never support the confederacy again.

“ slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States “ Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. ” Congress enforce The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. January 1865

Are Former Slaves Truly Free? With the ending of the war, the slaves were now free. The 13th Amendment to the Constitution was passed. The 13th Amendment made slavery illegal forever in the United States.

Civil Rights Act of 1866 The law declared all person born in the United States were citizen and are therefore protected under the Constitution. Slaves are no longer the property of their former owners. (Slaves were bought, sold and traded.) All of the rights previously denied to slaves like education, marrying, owning property and are entitled to equal rights.

“ No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law equal protection of the laws “ All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the laws. ” Congress enforce The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 14th July 1868

“ The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude ”. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 14th February 1870

Voting Rights Other laws were passed to keep blacks from voting. One law said former slaves had to pay a tax to vote. It was called a poll tax. Another law was passed that said a person could only vote if their grandfather had voted. These laws were called the Grandfather Clause.

 As southern states were restored to the Union under President Johnson’s plan, they began to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights.  The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these:  Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after sunset.  Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor.  Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.  Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

The Black Codes 1865 & 1866*** The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states that limited the new-found freedom of African Americans. They had roots in the slave codes. Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. They also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities.

1865, Congress created the Freedman ’ s Bureau to help former slaves AND poor whites get a new start in life. This was the first major relief agency in United States history. Bureau ’ s Accomplishments  Built thousands of schools to educate Blacks.  Former slaves rushed to get an education for themselves and their children.  Education was difficult and dangerous to gain.  Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would go to school.

kkk ALL HATED BY THE KKK Carpetbaggers Northerners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct the South…. Scalawags Scalawags Southerners who helped Carpetbaggers Freedmen Freedmen Blacks who tried to vote or were involved in the reconstruction of their states governments.

Ku Klux Klan In 1866/1867 a group of white southerners created the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote. The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks. Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities. The Klan was known to have murdered many people.

Sharecropping is primarily used in farming Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house and charge account at the local store to purchase necessities Freedmen provided the labor. Sharecropping is based on the “ credit ” system.

1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. 2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers. 4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store. 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid. Pays off debts. If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth; 6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord. 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers Sign contracts to work landlord’s land in exchange for a part of the crop.

Plans compared Amnesty : Presidential pardonAmnesty : Presidential pardon oath of allegiance---50% high ranking Confederate officials loose voting rights if you don ’ t sign oath Write new state ConstitutionsWrite new state Constitutions Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments reject secession and state ’ s rights submit to U.S. Government authority Help for FreedmenHelp for Freedmen Freedmen ’ s Bureau for education 40 acres and a mule Divide the South into 5 military districts Reconstruction Act of 1867-(Harsh) Reconstruction Act of (Harsh)

Presidential Reconstruction 19:23

Impeachment: Impeachment: Bringing charges against the President. Two steps involved…… 1st Step: U. S. House of Representatives hold hearings to decide if there are crimes committed. They then vote on the charges and if there is a majority, then, charges are brought against the President. 2nd Step: U.S. Senate becomes a courtroom. The President is tried for the charges brought against him. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the judge. Once trial is completed, Senators must vote to remove President with a 2/3 ’ s vote. Impeachment process

Reconstruct ion Map Solid South Democratshated the Republicans Solid South Political term that describes how the South would vote in future elections…… Always voted for the Democrats because they hated the Republicans.

Successes and Failures of Reconstruction SuccessesFailures Union is restored.Many white southerners bitter towards US govt & Republicans. South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North. The South is slow to industrialize. 14 th and 15 th amendments guarantee Blacks the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage. After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote. Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling. Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty. Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education. Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.