Affective Disorder: Depression Roos de Raadt

Symptoms AffectiveBehaviouralCognitiveSomatic Guilty or sad feelingsLack of initiativeNegative thoughtLack of energy Lack of enjoyment in daily activities Passive behaviourBlaming yourselfChange in sleep pattern (hypersomnia or insomnia) No enjoyment in the company of others Low self esteemRapid weight change (loss or gain) Suicidal thoughts Lack of concentration Indecisiveness *These symptoms (at least 5) must occur on a daily basis in daily activities to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder

Prevalence Women are 3-4x more likely to become clinically depressed than men Women are more likely to experience several depression episodes The Global Burden of Disease (2010) gave the prevalence of major depressive disorder worldwide as 4.4% -- (298 million cases), with more women than men

Cultural Variations in Prevalence When evaluating prevalence data on Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), consider; Culture blindness Reporting bias Cross-cultural variation in symptoms This is also a big issue in diagnosis. Different cultures use a different diagnosis Each clinician will be influenced by their own culture, could be lacking consideration/understanding for other cultures and the norms within them.

Eating Disorder: Boulimia Nervosa Main Characteristic: Binge eating; characterized by: Eating (within 2-hour period) an amount of food larger than the average person would eat during similar period of time and circumstances A sense of a lack of control over the eating during the episode

Symptoms AffectiveBehaviouralCognitiveSomatic Feeling inadequate, guilt or shame Bing eatingNegative self-imageSwollen salivary glands Use of laxatives, vomiting or excessive exercise to control weight PerfectionismErosion of tooth enamel Intestinal and stomatic problems To be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa (according to DSM-5): -Recurrent episodes of binge eating -Recurrent inappropriate behaviour to compensate and prevent weight gain (self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise, etc.) *These two behaviors must occur once a week for 3 months (on average)

Prevalence Prevalence rates are difficult to determine due to discreteness of affected individuals Affects approx. 2% of all adults GENDER & CULTURE: Female:Male ratio of bulimia is about 10:1 In Western countries: 0-2.1% for males, % in females Non-Western countries: % in females Bulimia rates are increasing Believed to be more common in industrialized countries, however: In Iran, lifetime prevalence for women is 3.2% Japan: prevalence of 5.79% for women 15-29years –indicates increasing Western influence