Topics in Sociology 1.Stanley Milgram and Phillip Zimardo Studies 2.Kitty Genovese and Diffusion of Responsibility 3.Collective Behavior and Social Movements

Applying the Scientific Method ___________________ study of _______________ –____________________________________ type study Based upon earlier _______________________ –Character flaw in German’s making them more obedient Initial study takes place at ______________________ Play like scenario with “__________” and “_________” in a study on memory with “negative reinforcement” in the form of an __________________________ –_________________________________ Individual’s respond through ad in newspaper for study guaranteed $4.50 an hour

Milgram Results Original study at Yale had ___% go to maximum level of “450 volts” –Scenario and procedure changed to see if that would impact numbers –Study moved to general office area in Bridgeport where it still was 48% –No need to take study to Germany based upon results of obedience in United States ___________________vs. ___________________ –___________: we pretty much assert control over what we do –___________: where are the agent acting for someone else Transformation of a person who no longer accepts responsibility for own actions but rather is just following orders of others

Applying the Scientific Method Phillip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ________ Volunteers to be paid $15 a day Out of over 70 volunteers, approximately 24 selected ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ________ Guards given instructions of implementing rules Prisoners “arrested” at their homes at brought to “prison” on the Stanford campus

Zimbardo Results Early solidarity of prisoners results in guards increasing punishment and psychological trauma ___ prisoners would have to be sent home within first four days because of traumatic reactions Involvement of Zimbardo within “prison” represents ___________________________study and dangers of becoming too involved Study called off after ___________instead of scheduled ________________ because of chaos and Zimbardo’s perspective of easily trading places with subjects “Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits”

Silent Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Murder 1964 in New York City (Borough of Queens) Attack last ___ minutes with ___ bystanders watching –One person yelled down, “Leave her alone!” –Watching and pulling up chairs and calling each other –Individual at top of stairway closing door –Police arrive within 2 minutes after being called __________________________________ –Knew he was being watched but understood people would do nothing –Changes hat at one point after going back to car –Death sentence changed to life in prison __________________________________ –The more people that are watching, the less likely someone is to act –Question of absolution: how far away do you have to be

Collective Behavior __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ ___ Why is it a difficult topic to study? –Enormous range of material covered –Relatively short lived, spontaneous and emotional –Large numbers of people who do not know each other –Crowd behavior, mass hysteria, disaster behavior and panics _________________ compared to _______________: 1.________________________________ 2.________________________________ 3.________________________________ ____________________________: collective behavior that occurs even though people rarely meet, let alone interact, yet engage in similar behavior and share an understanding of the meaning of that behavior –Fashions, fads, rumors and urban legends

__________________________ 6 Preconditions for Collective Behavior –___________________________________________________________________ L.A. Riots Example _____________________________________________________ –Surrounding social structure that makes it possible for a particular type of behavior to occur Video and media coverage of Rodney King beating _____________________________________________________ –Social conditions put strain on people so they seek some collective means to relieve strain Discrimination and poverty in L.A. _____________________________________________________ –Growth of belief leads to generalizations to individuals Resentment of police led to hope that they were convicted _____________________________________________________ –Triggering mechanism Jury finds police not guilty _____________________________________________________ –Coming together to act out collectively Looting and violence _____________________________________________________ –Mechanism exists to prevent or minimize the situation National Guard called to the scene

________________________ The ______________________ of a crowd encourages people to ______________________ to the stronger __________________________ Individuals become ___________________, with ______________________________________ _ Crowd becomes one single organism operating under one collective mind

________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Individuals in a crowd are faced with a situation in which traditional norms of behavior do not apply These people in effect find themselves with no clear standard of behavior ___________________________________ ___________________________________ __

Examples of Collective Behavior __________________________________ –_______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________

Fashions and Fads _____________________________________ –_________________________________________ ; most often related to clothes _______________________________________________ –Prominent in _______________________________ Need for new and improved Ability to get new fashions _____________________________________ –_________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 4 Types: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

Crowds, Mobs and Riots Temporary collection of people who are close enough in proximity to interact--4 types of Crowds ☛ _______________________________________ * Least organized; no common purpose or structure *Outside of a movie theatre at Mall of America ☛ _______________________________________ *More structure and common purpose *Crowd in a movie theatre ☛ _______________________________________ *Less structure, more emotion *Sporting event or concert ☛ _______________________________________ *Goal is destruction and violence *European soccer crowds _____: emotionally charged collectivity whose members are united by a specific destructive or violent goal _____: collection of people who erupt into generalized destructive behavior, the result of which is social disorder ☛ Less unified and focused than mobs

Further Examples of Collective Behavior ________________________________ –Spontaneous and uncoordinated group or action to __________________________ –______________________ individually trying to escape danger Example: Chicago theater fire 1903 –More than 600 killed in panic to reach exits –____________________________ Belief that something is threatening core values of a society

Further Examples of Collective Behavior ____________________________________ –Unfound hysteria over a wide geographic area Ex. __________________________________ ____________________________________ –Collection of differing attitudes that members of a public have about a particular issue ____________________________________ –Sudden set of events that overtax a communities resources –Outside aid is necessary Behavior and Characteristics of Disaster Behavior –________________________________________

Social Movements ________________________________ –May develop around any issue of public concern 3 Factors Distinguish Social Movements from Collective Behavior 1. _________________________________ 2. _________________________________ 3. _________________________________

Types of Social Movements ___________________________________________________ –Return to traditional way of life—”Turn back the clock” –Suspicious and hostile toward social change Example: _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ –Protect what they view as prevailing traditional and family values –Political campaigns and candidates Example: _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ –Goal is to improve some part of society through social change –Use legal channels seeking change because they generally support the existing social system as a whole Example: ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ –Main goal is total and radical change of existing social structure typically through violent or illegal action –Ultimate goal is to overthrow the existing government replacing with their own version Example: ____________________________________________

Life Cycle of Social Movements _______________________________________ –Most movements die in this stage –Feelings of frustration or unhappiness with part or all of a society _______________________________________ –Recognized leadership and media attention –Legitimate concerns recognized _______________________________________ –Ranked structure of authority and formal policies –Some original goals disappear because of difficulties with running organization _______________________________________ –Established part of society –Resists proposals for change and may create new movements as a result

Theories of Social Movements ________________________________ –Social movements arise when large numbers of people feel economically or socially deprived –2 Forms of Deprivation 1. _____________________________________ *Lacking one or more social needs 2. _____________________________________ *In comparison to another Thus, deprivation causes them to organize into social movements to demand change

Theories of Social Movements ______________________________ _ All people are deprived in some way –Whether movement develops is based on resources Resources needed: 1. ________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________