1. Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
Chapter 20
Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change

2. Chapter Outline Collective Behavior Social Movements
Social Movement Theories
Social Change in the Future

3. Collective Behavior
Collective behavior is voluntary activity engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values.
Social change is the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time; such change is usually brought about by collective behavior.

4. Factors That Contribute to Collective Behavior
Structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way.
Timing.
Breakdown in social control mechanisms and corresponding feeling of normlessness.

5. How Much Do You Know About Collective Behavior and Environmental Issues?
True or False?
The environmental movement in the United States started in the 1960s.

6. How Much Do You Know About Collective Behavior and Environmental Issues?
False.
The environmental movement in the United States is the result of more than 100 years of collective action.
The first environmental organization, the American Forestry Association (now American Forests), originated in 1875.

7. How Much Do You Know About Collective Behavior and Environmental Issues?
True or False?
Sociologists have found that people in a community respond very similarly to natural disasters and to disasters caused by technological failures.

8. How Much Do You Know About Collective Behavior and Environmental Issues?
False.
Most sociological studies have found that people respond differently to natural disasters and to technological disasters.
One of the major differences is the communal bonding that tends to occur following natural disasters, as compared with the extreme social conflict that may follow technological disasters.

9. Question
All of the following are factors that contribute to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur, except:
the presence of deviant behavior.
structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way.
timing.
a breakdown in social control mechanisms and a corresponding feeling of normlessness.

10. Answer: a
All of the following are factors that contribute to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur, except the presence of deviant behavior.

11. Types of Crowd Behavior
Casual crowds - people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.
Conventional crowds - people who come together for a scheduled event and share a common focus.
Protest crowds - crowds that engage in activities intended to achieve political goals.

12. Types of Crowd Behavior
Expressive crowds - people releasing emotions with others who experience similar emotions.
Acting crowds - collectivities so intensely focused that they may erupt into violent behavior.

13. Expressive and Acting Crowds
A mob is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a person, a category of people, or physical property.
A riot is violent crowd behavior fueled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one target.
A panic is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self destructive behavior.

14. Protest Crowds
Protest crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals.
Examples: sit-ins, marches, boycotts, blockades, and strikes.
Some protests take the form of civil disobedience - nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

15. Question
Revelers assembled at Mardi Gras or on New Year's Eve at Times Square in New York is an example of:
protest crowds.
expressive and acting crowds.
conventional crowds.
panics.

16. Answer: b
Revelers assembled at Mardi Gras or on New Year's Eve at Times Square in New York is an example of expressive and acting crowds.

17. Question
Have you ever participated in an organized protest?
Yes No

18. Explanations of Crowd Behavior
Contagion Theory - People are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable.
Social unrest and circular reaction - the discontent of one person is communicated to another who reflects it back to the first person.

19. Explanations of Crowd Behavior
Convergence theory - focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs people bring to crowd behavior.
 Emergent norm theory - crowds develop their own definition of the situation and establish norms for behavior that fits the occasion.

20. Question Convergence theory focuses on:
the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior, including how moods, attitudes, and behavior are communicated.
how social unrest is transmitted by a process of circular reaction.
the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior.
the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs many people bring to crowd behavior.

21. Answer: d
Convergence theory focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs many people bring to crowd behavior.

22. Mass Behavior
Mass behavior is collective behavior that takes place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another) respond to the same event in much the same way.
The most frequent types of mass behavior are rumors, gossip, mass hysteria, public opinion, fashions, and fads.

23. Mass Behavior
Rumors are unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject.
Gossip refers to rumors about the personal lives of individuals.
A fad is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

24. Mass Behavior
Fashion is defined as a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance.
Public opinion consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers.
Propaganda—information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one.

25. Social Movement Theories
Relative Deprivation
People compare achievements, become discontent and join social movements to get their “fair share”.
Resource Mobilization
People participate in social movements when the movement has access to key resources.

26. Social Movement Theories
New Social Movement
Focus on sources of social movements, including politics, ideology, and culture.
Social Construction Theory: Frame Analysis
Used to determine how people assign meaning to activities and processes in social movements.

27. Social Movement Theories
New Social Movement
The focus is on sources of social movements, including politics, ideology, and culture. Race, class, gender, sexuality, and other sources of identity are also
factors in movements such as ecofeminism and environmental justice.

28. Question
Civil disobedience is better to use than militant activity for groups to get their point across for social change.
Strongly agree
Agree somewhat
Unsure
Disagree somewhat

29. Question According to relative deprivation theory:
people who are satisfied with their present condition are likely to seek social change.
certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement.
people who feel they have been deprived of their "fair share" are more likely to feel that change is necessary and to join a social movement.
some people bring more resources to a social movement than others.

30. Answer: c
According to relative deprivation theory people who feel that they have been deprived of their "fair share" are more likely to feel that change is necessary and to join a social movement.

31. Value-Added Theory
Conditions required for social movements to develop:
People are aware of a problem and engage in collective action.
Society cannot meet expectations for taking care of the problem.
Spread of a belief of possible solutions to the problem.

32. Value-Added Theory Events reinforce the beliefs.
Mobilization of participants for action.
Society allows the movement to take action.

33. Types of Social Movements
Reform movements seek to improve society by changing an aspect of the social structure.
Revolutionary movements seek to bring about a total change in society.
Religious movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and typically are based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems.

34. Types of Social Movements
Alternative movements seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior.
Resistance movements seek to prevent or undo change that has already occurred.

35. Stages in Social Movements
Preliminary stage - people begin to become aware of a threatening problem.
Coalescence stage - people begin to organize and start making the threat known to the public.
Institutionalization stage - organizational structure develops.

36. The Earth’s Supply of Potable Water

37. Quick Quiz

38. 1. A relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity is a:
mass
crowd
collective
social group

39. Answer: b
A relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity is a crowd.

40. 2. Relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time are a(n):
acting crowd
expressive crowd
casual crowd
mob

41. Answer: c
Relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time are a casual crowd.

42. 3. Movements that seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred are:
revolutionary movements
alternative movements
religious movements
resistance movements

43. Answer: d
Movements that seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred are resistance movements.

44. 4. Movements that seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior are:
alternative movements
revolutionary movements
religious movements
resistance movements

45. Answer: a
Movements that seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior are alternative movements.

46. 5. ________ is based on the assumption that participants in social movements are rational people.
Relative deprivation theory
Social constructionist theory
Value added theory
Resource mobilization theory

47. Answer: d
Resource mobilization theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements are rational people.