1. Social Approach Background to study Core Study 3: Piliavin (1969)
Subway Samaritan
Good Samaritanism: An underground phenomenon?

2. Approach Core Studies: 1. Milgram (1963) 2. Reicher and Haslam (2006)
3. Piliavin (1969)

3. Main Assumptions of the Social Approach
All behavior occurs within a social context, which has norms and values. Therefore from an early age we are taught how to behave.
Other people are a major influence on people’s behaviour, especially those who are in a position of authority.
An individual’s behaviour is affected by situational factors such as the environment or upbringing.

4. Relation to Social Approach
Other people and the surroundings are a major influence on out behaviour, thoughts and emotions.
The environment and situation we are in therefore have a major influence on whether or not individuals will help another person.

5. Background Questions What is helping behaviour? What is altruism?
What are benefits of helping someone in need? What are the costs of helping someone in need?
What has previous research suggested happens when people witness a person in need?
What happened to Kitty Genovese?
What did Latane and Darley discover about Bystander Behaviour
What do you understand by the following terms?
pluralistic ignorance
diffusion of responsibility
bystander apathy
 Why did Piliavin want to research helping behaviour?
Outline the main aim of Piliavin’s subway study

6. Would you help?
Read the scenarios and decide if you would help…

8. Context What makes people help?
In the 2005 London Bombings, people didn’t walk away - they risked their own lives to save the lives of other people.
Context
What makes people help?

9. Brainstorm Questions Have you ever helped a stranger?
What factors put you off from helping?
What types of person would you most likely help?
Why do people help in certain situations and not others?
What are the costs and benefits to helping people?
What is altruism?
Based on what we discussed above do you think true altruism exists? Why or why not?

10. Using your IPADs, define the key terms listed.
Altruism
Bystander Behaviour
Bystander Apathy
Diffusion of Responsibility
Pluralistic ignorance
Helping behaviour
Pro-social behaviour
Arousal
Cost
Reward
Using your IPADs, define the key terms listed.

11. STUDIES Related Studies Latane & Darley (1968 Latane & Rodin (1969)
Bryan & Test (1967)

12. Defining…
Altruism
Bystander Behaviour

13. KITTY GENOVESE – NEW YORK 1964.
A questions…
A woman is being brutally attacked in the street where she lives. She screams for help. 38 of her neighbours witness the attack, how many of them will:-
(a) Go to her assistance?
(b) Call the police?
KITTY GENOVESE – NEW YORK 1964.

14. Research: Kitty Genovese
Who is Kitty?
Where did Kitty live?
What did Kitty do?
What happened to kitty?
When did this event happen?
Where did this even happen?
Who saw this?
Who did this terrible thing to Kitty?
What did other (‘bystanders’) people do?
Why did this happen?
How has psychology explained this?

15. Who?
Topic
When?
What?
Where?
Why?
How?

16. Case Study: Kitty Genovese
Grew up in Brooklyn, New York in the 1940’s.
Her family moved NY in 1974.
Kitty stayed and worked as a bar manager 5 miles from her flat.
It made her nervous to return to her apartment in the dark, but it was something she did often.

17. Rented an apartment located on the 2nd floor of a building in Queens
Rented an apartment located on the 2nd floor of a building in Queens. It was quiet and mostly residential. She shared her space with her friend Mary.
Along the serene, tree lined street near her apartment, Catherine Genovese began the last walk of her life. She had just left work, it was 3.15am and she was 20ft from her front door.

18. She saw a dark figure walking quickly towards her
She saw a dark figure walking quickly towards her. She was concerned as the stranger began to follow her. The man told the court later, ‘ I ran after her and had a knife in my hand’.

19. Kitty ran to a police call box
Kitty ran to a police call box. The man caught her in the parking lot and stabbed her several times.

20. As she screamed a far light switched on and a neighbour shouted, ‘let that girl alone’. But nobody helped Kitty.

21. Kitty managed to crawl from her attacker and make it to the side of her building bleeding badly. Her attacker returned within 5 minutes and stabbed her again.

22. More neighbours curtains twitched in the safety of their own homes – the attacker ran to a car and drove away. A number of witnesses later reported having watched the scene.

24. Catherine made it through a door in her apartment block and lay bleeding. The man returned. He sexually assaulted her, stole her wallet and stabbed her again until she died.

25. 38 people heard or saw some part of the attack
38 people heard or saw some part of the attack. Nobody helped or called the police to prevent her death.

27. Why?

28. Psychological Explanations
Diffusion of Responsibility
Pluralistic Ignorance
Empathy Altruism

29. Theory 1: Pluralistic Ignorance

30. Theory 2: Diffusion of Responsibility

31. Theory 3: Bystander Apathy

32. Researching Bystander Behaviour
How would you study obedience?
Aims/Hypothesis: What do you want to find out?
Method: Experiment, Observation, Self-Report
Sample: Who, Where, How
Procedure: Step-by-step describe your study

33. Usefulness of research
Why should we investigate obedience?
Individual
Society/Group
Nation
Global

34. Why did Piliavin research?
Most current theories lacked scientific support. The scientific research that had been carried was in the laboratory – lacking ecological validity.
Piliavin wanted to test the theories in a real environment so that her findings would be more ecologically valid.
Irving Piliavin witnessed someone collapsing on his way home on the New York subway and had an idea

35. Piliavin’s Study...
Along with his wife Jane and a colleague called Judith Rodin, Irving Piliavin wanted to stage an emergency on a New York Subway.
It would be a FIELD EXPERIMENT involving participant observation.

36. Researching Core Study