REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS To produce offspring. Secretion of hormones that give our secondary sex characteristics. Sexual gratification.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia Mammary glands (breasts) – accessory organs to the female reproductive system

Female Reproductive System 2 Parts: 1. Internal portion 2. External Portion

OVARIES Primary sex organ of the female 2 almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus. Each ovary contains ovarian follicles. FUNCTION OF THE OVARIES 1. Each follicle contains an oocyte (female sex cell-ova) 2. Ovaries produce hormones--estrogen and progesterone, which give secondary sex chararacteristics.

Each ovary contains thousands of developing eggs. The two ovaries alternate in the maturation and ovulation of an ova. During the reproductive years a woman will produce approximately 400 ova.

FALLOPIAN TUBES AKA oviducts. About 4-5 inches long. Not attached to the ovaries, but have fimbriae that nearly surround the surface of the ovary. Cilia on the fimbriae surface sweep the oocyte into the tube. The tubes extend to the uterus.

Function: receive the mature ovum from the ovaries and move it by way of peristalsis to the uterus. The egg is usually fertilized in the upper 1/3 of the tubes The fertilized egg travels down the tube to the uterus and implants into the uterine wall—usually takes about 5 days.

UTERUS hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ. Approximately 3 inches long, 2 inches wide and one inch thick. Divided into 3 parts-- fundus: rounded upper part body: middle portion cervix: lower narrow portion that extends into vagina.

ENDOMETRIUM- inner lining of the uterus that develops each month in preparation for a fertilized egg - if the egg is not fertilized, this lining deteriorates causing bleeding (menstrual period)

VAGINA Muscular tube: approx 4 inches in length that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body Made of muscle--can stretch during childbirth. Functions: Receives sperm during intercourse Birth canal.

MAMMARY GLANDS Breasts are considered accessory organs. Mammary glands are located in the breasts and produce milk. Each breast contains 15-20 glandular lobes and are covered with fat tissue. Circular, pigmented area in center of breast (areola) contains the nipple (has openings for milk secretion)

EXTERNAL GENITALIA Vulva – term used for the entire external genitalia Includes: Mons pubis (mons veneris) – pad of fat covered with hair that lies over the pubic bone

Urethral Meatus- opening into the urethra Vaginal Meatus – opening into the vagina Labia Minora -Pair of thin skin folds on both sides of the vaginal meatus. Labia Majora – Larger folds of skin surrounding the labia minora

Bartholin’s gland – 2 small mucus glands located on each side of the vaginal opening. FUNCTION: to secrete a fluid tht provides lubrication during sexual intercourse

Hymen – thin membrane that partially covers the opening to the vagina Usually torn during first sexual intercourse Clitoris – female erectile tissue located at the upper edge of the labia minora. Perineum - region between the vaginal meatus and the anus. ***This region can tear during childbirth. To prevent this tearing, an incision called an episiotomy is often performed.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Scrotum Testes - 2 Ducts –Epididymis, Vas deferens, Urethra Glands - 3 Penis

SCROTUM Outer protective pouch containing the testes. Regulate and maintain favorable body temperature for sperm production.

TESTES Primary sex organ of the male. About the size of small egg. Produces sperm and testosterone. Each testis is divided into approximately 250 cone-shaped lobules where the seminiferous tubules are located. Sperm cells develop in these tubules.

TESTOSTERONE Major male hormone. During puberty, causes the enlargement of male genitals and reproductive system. Necessary for spermatogenesis. Development of secondary male sexual characteristics.

Ducts: system of tubes that carry the sperm to the outside of the body After the sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules, they leave the testes and pass through a series of ducts to reach the exterior of the body.

Epididymis Epididymis: tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules on the posterior side of the testis. Approximately 20 feet in length FUNCTION: 1. Sperm cells continue to mature here. 2. Carries sperm to the vas deferens

VAS DEFERENS Vas deferens (ductus deferens) -Long straight tube that carries the sperm from the epidiymis to the urethra. - approximately 18 inches in length

Urethra Tube which carries sperm to the outside of the body Dual purpose: urination and ejaculation

SEMINAL VESICLES Found adjacent and connected to the vas deferens. Function: Produces seminal fluid that help to nourish and protect the sperm.

PROSTATE GLAND Size of walnut. Made of glandular and muscular tissue. Surrounds the urethra . Function: Produce thin, milky secretion that stimulates the movement of the sperm movement.

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland Located further down on the urethra Function: secretes a fluid which also helps with sperm movement **ALL THE FLUIDS FROM THE 3 GLANDS + SPERM = SEMEN

SEMEN Mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands. Seminal vesicles produce about 60% of the fluid, the prostate gland - 30%, the testes -5%, and the bulbourethral glands- 5%. Bulbourethral glands are pair of small glands located near the base of the penis that produce a mucous secretion.

Normal volume of semen is 2-5 ml. Normal sperm cell count is about 100 million sperm cells per ml of semen. If the sperm cell count falls below 20 million sperm cells per ml of semen, sterility usually results.

PENIS Male erectile tissue Dual Purpose: Passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids. Penis functions to transfer the sperm cells to the female. Made of 3 columns of erectile tissue.

Prepuce (foreskin) covers the glans penis (bulge at the tip of the penis). Circumcision - the surgical removal of the foreskin.

Circumcised VS Uncircumcised Penis

What causes an erection? The penis is made of hollow sinuses that fill with blood when the male has been sexually stimulated---resulting in an erection.