1. Reproductive Anatomy Sex Intro

2. Rules  R-E-S-P-E-C-T!!!!!!!!!!!!!  No question is a dumb one.  State your opinion with confidence.  Say anything – Using “What ifs……”  Some uncomfortable / some experienced.  Keep it in the room.  Limit side conversations/comments (Beliefs of others, personal experiences, etc.)  Allow others to finish what they have to say.  Most important: Agree to Disagree.

5. Male Plumbing A

6. Male Vocabulary External Genitalia  Penis- is the male organ of sexual pleasure, reproduction, and urination.  Glans Penis- Sensitive tissue on the head of the penis; sexual stimulation. At birth the foreskin covers the glans penis which is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision.  Scrotum- is a sac-like pouch in the groin that has two basic functions: to hold the testes and to regulate the temperature of the testes.  Testes- are two male reproductive glands inside the scrotum that secrete the male hormone testosterone and produce sperm.

7. Scrotum Epididymis

8. Male Vocabulary Internal Genitalia  Seminiferous Tubules- are a coiled network of tubes that fill the sections in each testis.  Epididymis- is a comma-shaped structure found on the back and upper surface of each testis. Removes sperm from testes and stores them.  Vas Deferens- are two long, thin cords that extend from the epididymis in the scrotum, up through the inguinal canal. Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra.  Urethra- Passageway for urine and semen which extends from the bass of the bladder.

10. Male Vocabulary Internal Genitalia-cont.  Seminal Vesicles- are two small glands (sit behind bladder) at the ends of each vas deferens that secrete a fluid rich in fructose, a sugar nutrient that is a source of energy for sperm. Fluid is part of semen.  Prostate Gland- is a gland that produces an alkaline fluid (part of semen) that aids sperm longevity.  Cowper’s Glands (Bulbourethral)- are two small pea-sized glands located on each side of the urethra and secrete a lubrication fluid. Pre- ejaculate. Lubricates urethra & neutralizes any urine in urethra. Can contain sperm.

11. How does it all work?  The male reproductive system begins in the testicles (testes)- production of testosterone  Testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics, such as body hair, muscle development, and voice change.  The testes also produce sperm, the male reproductive cell.

12. How does it all work? cont.  Sperm have a head, tail, and flagella, so they can swim.  An acrosome at the head tip produces head tip produces enzymes that help penetrate the female ovum (egg).

13. How does it all work? cont.  The testes need a lower body temperature than 98.6 F in order for sperm to survive.  As the sperm mature, they leave the testes and pass through the epididymis on their way to the seminal vesicles.  The Vas Deferens carry the sperm away from the epididymis toward the seminal vesicles.  The sperm are then stored and receive nutrition in the Seminal Vesicles.

15. How does it all work? cont.  The Seminal Vesicles also produce a thick, white fluid, which makes up part of semen This fluid protects the sperm and helps it to move along.  When stimulated, the normally limp penis becomes filled with blood. Called an erection.  During an erection, the muscles of the penis contract, causing the seminal vesicles to release semen. Which contains millions of sperm.

16. How does it all work? cont.  The semen passes through the prostate gland.  The Prostate Gland is also producing fluid that is added to the semen that will aid in the passage and protection of the sperm.  The semen then travels through the urethra and out of the penis.

18. How does it all work? cont.  The release of semen is called ejaculation.  Since the penis also functions as a passageway for urine, the neck of the bladder is blocked off so that urine does not pass during ejaculation.  If ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse, and a sperm meets a mature ovum, fertilization occurs, resulting in pregnancy.

19. Millions of sperm are released during ejaculation, but it only takes one to fertilize an egg. Human Sperm (SEM x5,785). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel

20. Female Plumbing

21. Female Vocabulary External Genitalia  Mons Pubis- Soft area of protective tissue making up the upper part of the external genitalia. Covered with pubic hair.  Vulva- External genitalia which includes the labia and clitoris.  Libia- The lips of the genitalia –Majora- the larger, outer lips which protect the vagina. –Minora- the inner, smaller lips which also protect the vagina.

22. Female External Genitalia

23. Female Vocabulary External Genitalia  Clitoris- Pea sized organ, located at the top of the vulva. Made up of erectile tissue, like the penis; source of sexual excitement.  Urethral Opening- Located just below the clitoris and above vaginal opening. Where urine passes from bladder.  Vaginal Opening- Opening to vagina

24. Female Vocabulary Internal Genitalia  Vagina- AKA the birth canal, it is a muscular, flexible tube, about 3-4 in. long, extending from the uterus to outside of body.  Cervix- Where the vagina meets the uterus.  Uterus- AKA the womb. Is a hollow, muscular organ shaped like a pear. Expands during pregnancy.

25. Female Internal Genitalia

26. Female Vocabulary Internal Genitalia  Fallopian Tubes- The passageway the egg travels after it is released from the ovary. About 4 in. wide and the width of a needle.  Ovaries- Two glands, each about the size of an almond, located on each side of the uterus and next to the fallopian tubes. Contains thousands of eggs (which a woman is born with).  Ovum- The female egg (plural=ova). Produced and stored in ovaries. One egg is released each month during childbearing years.

28. Hormones  Female and Male sex hormones are regulated in the pituitary gland (a gland attached to and controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain).  The two major hormones produced in the pituitary gland in females are –FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone –LH: Luteinizing Hormone

29. Hormones  These hormones are released into the bloodstream where they eventually reach the ovaries.  Their job is to stimulate the growth and maturation of the ova.  The Ovaries produce the hormones –Estrogen- controls secondary sex characteristics, plays major role in menstruation and pregnancy. –Progesterone- causes the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for the fertilized egg.

30. The Menstrual Cycle

31.  The menstrual cycle is a process which prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy.  Lasts approximately 28-32 days, can vary widely  Begins during puberty, between 11-15  Cycle is divided into four phases

32. The Menstrual Cycle Phase 1-Menstruation  The cycle begins with the onset of menstruation (period).  If the uterus doesn’t receive a fertilized ovum at the right time of the cycle, the ovaries stop producing progesterone.  When progesterone levels drop, it signals the ovaries that there is no fertilized egg, the uterus stops building up its lining, and sheds what has already been accumulated.  At the same time, the brain has been stimulated (due to lack of estrogen and progesterone) to produce FSH and LH, starting the process all over again.  Phase 1 last 1-4 days (sometimes longer)

33. The Menstrual Cycle

34. The Menstrual Cycle Phase 2-Post Menstruation  The Pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) reach the ovaries, stimulating the maturation and growth of another ovum.  Phase 2 lasts about two days

35. The Menstrual Cycle

36. The Menstrual Cycle Phase 3- Ovulation  Estrogen and progesterone increase, and the mature egg is released into the fallopian tubes.  The ovum is preparing to receive a sperm  The uterus is preparing to receive a fertilized egg by building up its lining.  Phase 3 lasts about 7 days  The most fertile time (highest chance of pregnancy) = ~5 days before ovulation until 1–2 days after ovulation.

37. The Menstrual Cycle

38. The Menstrual Cycle Phase 4-Premenstruation  Uterus lining continues to thicken and eventually becomes fully prepared for receiving a fertilized egg.  Phase 4 lasts approximately 14 days.  If egg is not fertilized, phase 1 (menstruation) begins again.  If egg is fertilized, estrogen and progesterone continue to be produced throughout the pregnancy, keeping the uterine lining thick and a rich source of nutrients for the fetus.

39. The Menstrual Cycle  Remember- The length of the menstrual cycle varies tremendously (17-35 days)  It is very difficult for a female to determine exactly when she will most likely become pregnant.  This is even more difficult in young women, because their cycles are often very irregular.