1. Male & Female Systems

3.  The reproductive organs have 2 functions ◦ To create human offspring by combining genes from the male and female (male and female) ◦ To develop and nurture the fetus (female)  During reproduction, the male and the female provide different components ◦ The male provides the sperm cell that fertilizes the female’s egg ◦ The female provides the egg for fertilization

4.  There is a common general structure and function between both sexes  Both sexes possess the following reproductive characteristics: ◦ Sex cell producing organs ◦ Sex cells ◦ Hormones ◦ Hormone-producing cells ◦ Duct systems ◦ External genitalia

5. FEATURESFEMALEMALE Essential OrgansOvariesTestes Sex CellsOva (eggs)Sperm HormonesEstrogen & progesterone Testosterone Hormone-producing Cells Granulosa cells & corpus luteum Interstitial cells Duct SystemsFallopian tubes, uterus, & vagina Epididymis, urethra, and vas deferens External GenitalsClitoris & vulvaPenis & scrotum

6.  Essential organs (aka. Gonads) ◦ Testes (2)  Accessory organs ◦ Epididymis (2) ◦ Vas deferens (2) ◦ Ejaculatory duct (2) ◦ Seminal vesicles (2) ◦ Prostate gland ◦ Cowper’s gland ◦ Urethra ◦ External genitalia  Scrotum  Penis

7.  Male gonads  The main sex glands ◦ Produce male sex cells (spermatozoa) within its structure ◦ Secrete the hormone testosterone  Location - suspended outside the body ◦ This provides an environment about 3°F less than body temperature, which is a requirement for the production and survival of sperm (95.6°F as opposed to 98.6°F)

8.  A single, tightly coiled tube about 20 feet in length ◦ One on each side  Location – ◦ Along the top and behind the testes inside the scrotum  Purpose – ◦ Sperm mature and develop their ability to move or swim as they pass through the epididymis from the testes

9.  A muscular tube on each side of the scrotum  Location – ◦ Extends into the abdominal cavity over the top and down the posterior surface of the bladder  Purpose – ◦ Permits sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity

10.  Duct created by the joining of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle  Location – ◦ Posterior surface of the bladder, passing through the prostate gland, and joining with the urethra  Purpose – ◦ To allow mixing of the components of the semen and delivery of the semen to the urethra

11.  Pouch-like glands  Location – ◦ Above the prostate gland and behind the bladder  Purpose – ◦ Produces about 60% of the volume of the seminal fluid ◦ This component of seminal fluid is high in fructose, which the sperm use as a source of energy for movement

12.  Donut-shaped, hormone secreting gland  Location – ◦ Sits just below the bladder ◦ The urethra passes through its center  Purpose – ◦ Secretes about 30% of the seminal fluid ◦ Helps to activate and maintain the motility of sperm

13.  Have the shape and size of a pea  Location – ◦ Just below the prostate gland ◦ Empties into the urethra  Purpose – ◦ Produces <5% of the seminal fluid ◦ Responsible for lubrication of the urethra

14.  Tube leading to the outside of the body from the urogenital area  Location – ◦ Begins at the bladder and extends through the prostate gland, past the seminal vesicles and Cowper’s glands, through the penis, and opens to the exterior at the external urethral orifice  Purpose – ◦ To allow the passage of urine and seminal fluid to the outside of the body

15.  External reproductive organ  Skin-covered pouch suspended from the groin  Divided internally into 2 sacs  Each sac contains a teste, epididymis, and a portion of the vas deferens

16.  External reproductive organ  Responsible for delivery of semen into the vagina for fertilization of the female’s egg  Parts ◦ Glans penis – enlarged distal end ◦ Prepuce – aka foreskin; covers the glans penis ◦ Shaft  Urethra  Erectile tissue  Corpora cavernosa – 2; run parallel to each other along the length of the shaft  Corpus spongiosum – 1; under the corpora cavernosa  During arousal the spongy tissue fills with blood, causing rigidity  This rigidity enables better placement of the semen for better chances of fertilization

17.  A mixture of sperm produced by the testes and secretions of the supportive sex glands ◦ 95% of the semen is contributed by the supportive sex glands ◦ The sperm and fluid from the testes contribute <5% of the seminal fluid volume  Roughly 3-5 ml (1 tsp) of semen is ejaculated at one time ◦ Each milliliter normally contains about 100 million sperm ◦ Semen is alkaline in order to protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

18.  Essential organs (aka. Gonads) ◦ Ovaries (2)  Accessory organs ◦ Uterine (fallopian) tubes (2) ◦ Uterus ◦ Bartholin’s glands (2) ◦ Breasts (2) ◦ Vagina ◦ Vulva

19.  Female gonads  The main sex gland ◦ Produce female sex cells (ova) within its structure  Babies are born with the potential to develop ~1 million mature eggs  By puberty, that number has been reduced to ~400,000  Throughout the reproductive lifespan, a woman only actually develops about 350-500 eggs for fertilization  Location – Attached to ligaments within the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus

20.  Tubes that end in a funnel-like structure ◦ These funnel-like structures curve over the tops of the ovaries and open into the abdominal cavity  Location – ◦ Attached to the uterus on one end and extended around the ovaries on the opposite end  Purpose – ◦ Serve as the ducts for the ovaries ◦ Facilitate passage of the eggs released from the ovaries into the uterus ◦ The upper 1/3 of the tube is the usual site for fertilization when it occurs

21.  Strong, pear-sized organ ◦ Made of muscle tissue with a small cavity inside  Has 2 parts ◦ The body (upper portion)  The bulging top area above where the fallopian tubes attach is called the fundus ◦ The cervix (lower portion)  Location – ◦ Non-pregnancy: behind the bladder in the pelvic cavity ◦ Pregnancy: Extends from the pelvic cavity up to the top of the abdominal cavity (pushes the liver against the diaphragm)

22.  Has a purpose in 3 functions ◦ Menstruation – monthly process  In preparation for pregnancy, the inner walls of the uterus become lined with a well-vascularized mucous membrane (endometrium)  When no pregnancy occurs, the lining tears away from the walls, causing bleeding, and is shed as menstrual blood ◦ Pregnancy  The fertilized egg implants in the endometrium  The implantation site become the attachment site for the placenta  Fetal development takes place within the uterus ◦ Labor  The muscular nature of the uterus serves its purpose to help push the baby from the uterus, through the cervix and vagina, and out of the body

23.  Location – ◦ Located on each side of the vaginal opening  Purpose – ◦ Secretion of a lubricating fluid to facilitate fertilization and shedding of menstrual components

24.  Combination of glandular and fatty tissue ◦ Include the lactiferous ducts, areola, and nipples  Location – ◦ Positioned over the pectoral muscles ◦ Attached by the ligaments of Cooper  Purpose – ◦ Milk production and secretion for the feeding of infants

25.  An approximately 4-inch long distensible tube, made mostly of smooth muscle  Location – ◦ Lies in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum  Purpose – ◦ To direct sperm into the uterus and fallopian tubes ◦ To allow passage of an infant from the mother’s body

26.  The external genitalia  Consists of the following: ◦ Mons pubis –  Skin-covered pad of fat over the pubic symphysis  Protective ◦ Clitoris  Nerve bundle below mons pubis ◦ Orifice of the urethra  External opening of urinary system ◦ Labia minora & labia majora  Modified skin on the external genitalia that serve a protective purpose ◦ Orifice of vagina  External opening of the reproductive system

27.  An egg is released from the ovary and travels into the fallopian tube  Intercourse occurs  The sperm travel from the vagina, through the cervix, up into the uterus, and into the fallopian tubes (long journey – you can see why there are so many ejaculated)  If fertilization occurs, a protective membrane will develop around the egg to keep further intruders out

28.  The fertilized egg, now called a zygote, travels down into the uterus within 3-5 days  The zygote implants in the endometrial wall on the uterus and begins to divide and multiply its cells to form the fetus and the placenta ◦ Protective membrane containing fluid and nutrients  During the approximately 9 months of gestation the fetus is enclosed in the placenta ◦ It is nourished by and receives oxygen from the mother’s blood through the placenta via the umbilical cord  Wastes return through the placenta to the mother and are eliminated through her respiratory and excretory systems