Section 1

 Probably the most skillful sailors  Built large sturdy ships called Junks  Had many great voyages 100 years before Vasco Da Gama sailed around Africa  So why don’t we hear about the “Great Chinese Sailors?”  No support from leaders  Confucian attitude toward trade  Security of the Northern Frontier

 4 Social Classes  Scholar-Gentry- governed country for emperor  Peasants- produced food and paid taxes for empire  Artisans- made beautiful and useful objects  Merchants- parasites who made money from the objects peasants and artisans produced

 Attitude Toward trade:  Trade was a necessary evil, not a desirable occupation  Trade wasn’t needeed because the country was self-sufficient  Gov’t made money on land tax not trade tax

 After defeating the Mongols in the north, China wanted a more secure northern border  Defense cost money, land, and time  To protect the border:  The Great Wall of China was reinforced  Soldiers were given land to move toward the northern border  Capital city was moved to Beijing, 40 miles from the Great Wall

 Despite all the efforts to protect China, Beijing was captured in 1644  Narachi unified many barbaric tribes called MANCHU  Proclaimed the Qing Dynasty  Ruled China from  Even though they weren’t Chinese, the Manchu adopted Chinese culture

 Emperor Kangxi  Ruled by the teachings of Confucius  Tried to lead the “right” way  Helped with river flooding, built storehouses to fight famine, exempted many from taxes, etc.\

 Tried to preserve Chinese/Manchu distinctions  All Manchu had to study Manchu language and traditions  Chinese could not settle in Manchuria or marry Manchu  Required all men to wear a single braid known as a Queue Signified Chinese submission to Manchu rule

 Trade was frowned upon but needed to supply urban areas with essentials  Different areas of China began to specialize in production  South- produced woks  Central- cotton weaving  Shipped tea and silk everywhere

 People began to read books and novels  Eventually these novels were transformed into plays  Bandits, corrupt officials, everyday life  Writings and plays were realistic to Dynasty life  History was documented by scholars  Philology- the history of literature and language

 British wanted to use Chinese Tea for trade  Qing Dynasty was failing because of over population and corruption  Chinese only allowed the British  To dock in Guangzhou  To trade with licensed merchants  To live in small groups outside Guangzhou

 Free Trade Ideas  Free trade- government should not interfere with international trade  Independent traders were crushed by East India Company Monopoly  British wanted more trade routes  Chinese Government shot down new trade routes

 The Opium Trade  GBR traded Indian cotton for Chinese Tea  GBR had a high demand for Tea  China had a small demand for Cotton  GBR needed to find a new product China wanted  GBR produced and traded opium- an addictive narcotic  A lot of Chinese became addicted to opium  Chinese government demanded the trade stop and all opium be turned over to the government

 When Chinese tried to stop trade:  War broke out  Conflict between China and Britain known as the:  Opium War  Chinese army and navies no match compared to Britain.  Qing officials agree to negotiate with British officials.  Treaty of Nanjing  China gave island of Hong Kong to British.  Opened five ports to British trade (Fixed low tariff).  Subjects in ports governed by British laws and courts.  Extraterritoriality Foreigners must follow laws of their home country instead of laws of country they live in.

 Unequal treaties  Chinese signed treaties under the pressure of defeat and fear of further invasion.  Benefits went to foreign powers.  Gained little from them.  Another war, Another British win, another unequal treaty.  Opened additional ports along Yangtze River  Chinese had to allow British Embassy in Beijing.  Chinese govt. had to protect Christian missionaries and their converts in China.  Other countries also opened embassies in Beijing.

 Hong Xiuquan  Influenced by Christian teachings  Said he was younger brother of Jesus  Influenced a new dynasty and attracted many followers.  Taiping Rebellion  Millions of people were killed  Cities and farmlands destroyed  All revolts weakened the Qing Dynasty.

Section 2

 Ashikaga family became involved in dispute over selection of shogun.  Leads to 100 years of bitter, widespread, and almost constant warfare in Japan. Oda Nobunaga  Rise to power as:  Minor Daimyo  Through conquests and alliances  Captured city of Kyoto.  Strengthened his power in Central Japan.  Before defeating his rivals, vassals attacked him and killed him

 Successor of Nobunaga  Almost totally destroyed the Daimyo’s  Allowed the remaining Daimyo’s:  Keep their private lands.  Pledge loyalty  He reduced the size of their territories  Only warriors could own swords “Sword Hunt”  Attempted to Invade Korea but lost to a Chinese supported Korean Army  Japanese withdrew upon Hideyoshi’s death

 Hideyoshi’s most powerful vassal  Established capital at  Edo, which is now the city of Tokyo  The Tokugawa family would keep the title of shogun for:  More than 250 years.  Established a government  Tokugawa shogunate

 Outcomes for his defeated rivals ( ):  Swear oath of allegiance  Keep private domains but could change size  Each Daimyo absolute ruler of their own land Collected taxes that went to gov’t and samurai  Families had to spend every other year in the capital When the man returned to his land he left his family in capital as hostages Drained $ of Daimyo  Prohibited Daimyo alliances

The Portuguese in Japan  Brought two items new to Japan:  Muskets and Christianity  Some samurai did not approve of musket because: Violated traditional fighting ethic (Skill).  Jesuits: Concentrated on converting the Daimyo to Christianity. Missionaries converted 300,000 Japanese to Christianity. Closing the Century  Shoguns saw Christianity as a threat  Taught loyalty to power other than Tokugawa  Made Portuguese missionaries to leave country  Dutch traders accepted trade relationship with Tokugawa.  Togugawa banned overseas trade.  Prohibited from traveling abroad.

 Warrior class filled the same role as scholar-gentry in China.  Samurai stood at the top of Japanese social order.  Person’s social class was determined by:  Birth/son followed occupations of fathers.  Samurai stood at top of social order  Peasants, artisans, and merchants followed  Shoguns established schools to prepare:  Samurai for peacetime roles  Low ranking samurai-low rank official  High ranking samurai-high rank official Change in Culture  Internal trade expanded  Specialization in certain crops in certain parts of country  Cities grew in size

 President Fillmore sent Commodore  Matthew Perry and powerful navy force to Japan.  Perry was to negotiate treaty that would: Guarantee safety of U.S. sailors and open Japanese ports to US trade.  Shogun agreed to negotiate when Perry returned the next year.  Treaty of Kanagawa  Open two ports that led Americans to obtain: Fuel, shelter, and supplies Led to trade among the two nations.  Within two years, Japan signed similar treaties with: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Russia.  Consulates were established Diplomatic offices headed by consuls.  US and Japan signed new treaty Exchange ministers Allowed foreign residence in Edo and Osaka