Part 61 Subpart B Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations “It takes many deeds to build a good reputation” “And only one bad one to lose it” Benjamin Franklin

Aircraft Breakdown Category –Broad classification of aircraft Airplane Rotorcraft Glider Lighter than air –Intended use or operating limits Transport Utility Acrobatic

Aircraft Breakdown Class (Airplane) –Single-engine –Multi-engine –Others Helicopter Airship Free balloon Type –Specific make and model of aircraft >12,500 lb at takeoff Powered by one or more turbojets

Aircraft Breakdown Type –Specific make and model of aircraft DC-10 Boeing 737 –Aircraft similar in design DC-7 and DC-7C 1049G and 1049H –Engines similar in design JT8D and JT8D-7 JT9D-3A and JT9D-7

61.63 Additional Aircraft Ratings Additional category rating –Complete required training –Possess aeronautical experience –Endorsement in logbook/training record Authorized instructor Competent in aeronautical knowledge areas Proficient on areas of operation –Pass required practical test –Need not take an additional knowledge test

61.63 Additional Aircraft Ratings Additional class rating –Endorsement in logbook/training record Authorized instructor Competent in aeronautical knowledge areas Proficient on areas of operation –Pass required practical test –Need not meet specified training time requirements –Need not take an additional knowledge test

61.63 Additional Aircraft Ratings Additional type rating –Hold/concurrently obtain appropriate instrument rating –Endorsement in logbook/training record Authorized instructor Competent in aeronautical knowledge areas Proficient on areas of operation –Pass required practical test Performed in actual or simulated instrument conditions May obtain “VFR only” limitation Removed when passed in actual or simulated conditions –Need not take an additional knowledge test

61.65 Instrument Rating Requirements General requirements –Hold current private pilot certificate –English (Read, speak, and understand) –Receive/log ground training –Receive logbook/training record endorsement –Receive/log training on areas of operation in aircraft, flight simulator, or FTD –Pass required knowledge test –Pass required practical test – can be done in a(n) Airplane Flight simulator FTD (instrument approach procedures are limited to one precision and one non-precision approach)

61.65 Instrument Rating Requirements Aeronautical knowledge (Flight proficiency) –Preflight preparation –Preflight procedures –ATC clearances and procedures –Flight by reference to instruments –Navigation systems –Instrument approach procedures –Emergency operations –Postflight procedures

61.65 Instrument Rating Requirements Aeronautical Experience –At least 50 hours of cross-country flight time At least 10 hours in airplanes –40 hours actual or simulated instrument time in area of operation At least 15 hours of instrument flight time from authorized instructor in aircraft category At least 3 hours of instrument training from authorized instructor within 2 calendar months preceding test date At least one cross country flight performed under IFR & –Distance at least 250 NM along airways or ATC-directed routing –An instrument approach at each airport –3 different kinds of approaches with use of navigation systems **If instrument training was provided in a flight simulator or FTD - Max of 30 hours in flight simulator or FTD if accomplished with Part Max of 20 hours in flight simulator or FTD if not accomplished with Part 142

61.67 Cat II or III Pilot Requirements General requirements –At least private or commercial certificate or ATP With instrument rating –Type rating for aircraft for authorization –Category and class rating for aircraft Experience requirements –At least 50 night flight time as PIC –75 hours instrument time under actual or simulated conditions not more than: Combination of 25 hours in flight simulator or FTD, or 40 hours of simulated flight time if under Part 142 –250 hours of cross-country time as PIC

61.68 Cat II or III Pilot Requirements Practical Test Requirements –Either issuance or renewal of Cat II authorization –Add another type aircraft to Cat II authorization –If not passed practical test in preceding 12 months, then Have performed at least 6 ILS approaches during the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the test At least 3 of approaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach coupler

Part 61 Subpart C Student Pilots “Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn” Benjamin Franklin

61.83 Student Pilot Eligibility At least 16 years of age –At least 14 years of age for glider or balloon Read, speak, write, and understand English Application must be submitted to: –Designated aviation medical examiner if applying for an FAA medical certificate –An Examiner –A FSDO

61.87 Student Pilot Solo Requirements Aeronautical knowledge –Pass knowledge test that meets Applicable sections of Parts 61 & 91 Airspace rules and procedures for airport where flight will be performed Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the make/model aircraft –Student’s authorized instructor must Administer the test and review all incorrect answers Authorize student to conduct solo flight

61.87 Student Pilot Solo Requirements Pre-solo flight training Received/logged flight training for maneuvers and procedures Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety Night solo flight, student pilot must receive: –Navigation training at night in the vicinity of the airport –Flight training at night on night procedures that include takeoffs, landings, approaches, and go- arounds where flight will be conducted **Student pilot must have an endorsement dated within the 90 days prior to the flight

61.89 Student Pilot General Limitations Student pilot may not act as PIC: –That is carrying a passenger –That is carrying property for compensation/hire –For compensation/hire –In furtherance of a business –On an international flight –With a flight or surface visibility less than 3 SM during daylight hours or 5 SM at night –When flight cannot be made with visual reference to the surface –In a manner contrary to any limitations in the pilot’s logbook

61.93 Solo CC Flight Requirements For cross country solo flights, student pilots must: –Receive flight training from an instructor on the maneuvers and procedures that are appropriate Instructor training includes flight in both directions, entering and exiting traffic patterns, and takeoffs and landings at the other airport –Demonstrate cross country proficiency on the appropriate maneuvers and procedures Satisfactorily accomplish pre-solo flight maneuvers and procedures –Instructor endorses student pilot certificate and logbook authorizing solo cross-country flight Comply with any limitations included in the instructor’s endorsement

61.93 Solo CC Flight Requirements Conduct solo CC flight –Flight to another airport <25NM from originating airport –Instructor provided training at airport Both directions over route Entering/exiting traffic pattern Takeoffs/landings at other airport Instructor endorses –Flight to another airport <50NM from originating airport (Can be repeated flights) Separate endorsements not required

61.93 Solo CC Flight Endorsements Student pilot certificate –Solo CC endorsement Placed on certificate Specific category of aircraft –Logbook endorsement Specify make and model of aircraft Preflight planning/preparation is correct Student prepared to make flight safely –Under known conditions –Limitations required –Student CC planning is correct –Review current/forecast weather –Student proficient –Appropriate endorsement for make and model aircraft –Solo endorsement is current

Stud Pilot Class B Airspace Operations Operate in “B” airspace: –Receive airspace ground/flight training and flight training in specific airspace area for solo flight –Logbook endorsed by instructor within 90-day period preceding date of flight Endorsement shows ground and flight training, and is proficient to conduct solo flight in specific “B” airspace Operate at airport located in “B” airspace: –Receive ground/flight training at specific airport for solo flight –Logbook endorsed by instructor within 90-day period preceding date of flight Endorsement shows ground/flight training, and is proficient to conduct solo flight operations at specific airport

Part 61 Subpart E Private Pilots “Does anyone really know what time it is?”

“DOES ANYONE CARE?” Chicago

Eligibility Requirements General Requirements –At least 17 years of age –Able to read/speak/write/understand English –Receive logbook endorsement that: Training was conducted or person’s home study was reviewed on knowledge areas Certified person prepared for required knowledge test –Pass knowledge test –Receive flight training & logbook endorsement –Training conducted in areas of operation –Certified person prepared for practical test Meet aeronautical experience requirements Pass practical test – Comply with Part 61 Hold a student pilot certificate

Aeronautical knowledge Page Flight proficiency Page 92

Private single-engine rating At least 40 hours flight time, and includes –10 hours of solo flight training in area of operations –At least 20 hours of flight training, including 3 hours of cross country flight training in a single engine aircraft 3 hours of night flight training in a single engine aircraft –1 cross country flight over 100 NM total distance –10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop 3 hours flight training in a single engine aircraft on control & maneuvering solely by reference of instruments 3 hours flight training preparing for practical test & performed within 2 calendar months preceding test date

Private single-engine rating At least 40 hours flight time, and includes –10 hours of solo flight time in a single engine aircraft 5 hours of solo cross country time 1 solo cross country flight of at least 150 NM total distance, with full-stop landings at a minimum of 3 points 3 takeoffs & 3 landings to a full stop at an airport with an operating tower

Private multi-engine rating At least 40 hours flight time, and includes –10 hours of solo flight training in area of operations –At least 20 hours of flight training, includes 3 hours of cross country flight training in a multi-engine aircraft 3 hours of night flight training in a multi-engine aircraft –1 cross country flight over 100 NM total distance –10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop 3 hours flight training in a multi-engine aircraft on control & maneuvering solely by reference of instruments 3 hours flight training in preparation for practical test & performed with 60 days preceding date of test

Private multi-engine rating At least 40 hours flight time, and includes –10 hours of solo flight time in a multi-engine aircraft 5 hours of solo cross country time 1 solo cross country flight of at least 150 NM total distance, with full-stop landings at a minimum of 3 points 3 takeoffs & 3 landings to a full stop at an airport with an operating tower

Night Flying Exceptions Reside in Alaska and receive flight training, but does not meet night requirements –May be issued pilot certificate with “Night flying prohibited” limitation –Must comply with night flying requirements with the 12-calendar-month period after pilot certificate is issued “Night flying prohibited” is removed when Night flying training requirements are accomplished Training record endorsement in logbook from authorized instructor is presented to examiner

Privileges & Limitations: PIC –Not act as PIC of aircraft for compensation/hire –Not act as PIC of aircraft carrying property or passengers for compensation/hire –May act as PIC, for compensation or hire, in connection with business or employment if: Flight is only incidental to business/employment Aircraft does not carry passengers/property for compensation or hire –Private pilot may not pay less than pro rata share of operating expenses Only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees

Privileges & Limitations: PIC –May act as PIC of charitable, non-profit, or community event flight if sponsor & pilot comply with –May be reimbursed for operating expenses directly related to search and rescue –May demonstrate aircraft in flight to prospective buyer if he is an aircraft salesman and logged at least 200 hours

Part 61 Subpart F Commercial Pilots “Surely you can’t be serious” Ted Striker

Eligibility: Commercial Pilot General –Be at least 18 years of age –Be able to read, speak, write, understand English –Receive logbook endorsement Required ground training conducted Prepared for knowledge test –Pass required knowledge test –Receive training and logbook endorsement Required training conducted on areas of operation Prepared for practical test –Meet aeronautical experience requirements –Pass required practical test –Hold private pilot certificate

Aeronautical Knowledge Knowledge Areas –Applicable FARs related to Commercial pilot privileges, limitations, flight operations –Accident reporting requirements of NTSB –Basic aerodynamics and principles of flight –Meteorology Aeronautical weather reports/forecasts Windshear recognition/avoidance –Safe/efficient operation of aircraft –See remainder of list on page 99 of Part 61

Flight Proficiency See Part 61 Page

Aeronautical Experience Single-engine rating –At least 250 hours flight time, and includes 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours in airplanes 100 hours of PIC flight time –50 hours in airplanes –50 hours in cross-country flight (10 in airplanes) –20 hours training in area of operation 10 hours instrument training (5 in single-engine airplane) 10 hours training in airplane with retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in single- engine in day VFR, total straight-line distance of more than 100 NM from original point of departure

Aeronautical Experience Single-engine rating –20 hours training in area of operation (con’t) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in single- engine in nighttime conditions, total straight-line distance >100 NM from original point of departure 3 hours in single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test, within 2 calendar months preceding date of test –10 hours solo flight in single-engine including: One cross-country flight of not less 300 NM total distance with landings at a minimum of 3 points 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings at an airport with an operating tower –Each landing involves a flight in the traffic pattern

Aeronautical Experience Multi-engine rating –At least 250 hours flight time, and includes 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours in airplanes At least 100 hours of PIC flight time –50 hours in airplanes –50 hours in cross-country flight (10 in airplanes) –20 hours training in area of operation 10 hours of instrument training ( 5 in multi-engine airplane) 10 hours training in airplane with retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in multi- engine in day VFR, total straight-line distance of more than 100 NM from original point of departure

Aeronautical Experience Multi-engine rating –20 hours training in area of operation (con’t) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in multi- engine in nighttime conditions, total straight-line distance >100 NM from original point of departure 3 hours in multi-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test, within 2 calendar months preceding date of test –10 hours solo flight in multi-engine including: One cross-country flight of not less 300 NM total distance with landings at a minimum of 3 points 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings at an airport with an operating tower –Each landing involves a flight in the traffic pattern

Aeronautical Experience Flight simulator/flight training device –Permitted credit (not under Part 142) Maximum 50 hours –Permitted credit (under Part 142) Maximum 100 hours –Complete an approved commercial pilot course under Part 142 Only 190 hours of total aeronautical experience required

Night Flying Exceptions Reside in Alaska and receive flight training, but does not meet night requirements –May be issued pilot certificate with “Night flying prohibited” limitation –Must comply with night flying requirements with the 12-calendar-month period after pilot certificate is issued “Night flying prohibited” is removed when Night flying training requirements are accomplished Training record endorsement in logbook from authorized instructor is presented to examiner

Privileges and Limitations Hold commercial pilot certificate –Act as PIC of an aircraft: Carrying passengers or property for hire or compensation if qualified and For compensation or hire Hold commercial pilot certificate –No instrument rating for airplane –Certificate contains limitation Carriage of passengers for hire in airplanes on cross- country flight in excess of 50 NM or at night is prohibited

Part 61 Subpart G Airline Transport Pilots “Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do” Voltaire

Eligibility: ATP General –At least 23 years of age –Be able to read, speak, and write English –Be of good moral character –Meet one of the following requirements Hold a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating Meet military experience to qualify for a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument rating Hold either a foreign ATP or commercial pilot license and an instrument rating without geographical limitations –ATP Graduation certificate

Eligibility: General (Con’t) General –Meet aeronautical experience –Pass a knowledge test on aeronautical areas –Pass practical test on areas of operation

Aeronautical Knowledge Knowledge Areas –Applicable FARs related to ATP privileges, limitations, flight operations –Meteorology Fronts, frontal forecasts Cloud formations, icing –General system of weather/NOTAM collection –National Weather Service –Windshear/microburst awareness –Air navigation under IMC –See remainder of list on page 106 of Part 61

Training Requirements Academic Training –Knowledge test At least 8 hours on aerodynamics/high altitude ops At least 2 hours on meteorology At least 14 hours on air carrier operations At least 6 hours on leadership, professional development, CRM, and safety culture –FSTD At least 10 hours representing multi-engine airplane At least 6 hours representing multi-engine airplane on max takeoff weight of 40,000 lbs or greater At least 14 hours on air carrier operations

Flight Proficiency See part 61 pages

Aeronautical Experience Airplane category rating –At least 1,500 hours or total time includes: 500 hours of cross-country flight time 100 hours of night flight time 50 hours of flight time in class of aircraft for which rating is sought –Max 25 hours in full flight simulator –75 hours instrument flight time (actual or simulated) No more than 25 hours of simulated instrument time in a flight simulator or flight training device Max of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator or flight training device can be credited toward the instrument flight time requirement (under 142) Training in a flight simulator or flight training device must represent an airplane

Aeronautical Experience Airplane category rating –250 hours of flight time as PIC or as SIC performing duties as PIC under supervision: 100 hours of cross-country time 25 hours of night flight time –Not more that 100 hours of total aeronautical experience obtained in flight simulator or flight training device Person who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs and landings to a full stop may substitute each additional night takeoff and landing to a full stop for 1 hour of night flight time, not to exceed 25 hours of night flight time.

Aeronautical Experience Airplane category rating –Commercial pilot may credit following SIC flight time or flight-engineer time toward the 1,500 hour total time Second-in-command time: –Required to have more than one pilot by flight manual –Engaged in operations under Subpart K of part 91, 121, or 135 Flight-engineer time: –Airplane required to have flight engineer by flight manual –Acquired while engaged in operations under Part 121 –Acquired while participating in pilot training program approved under Part 121 –Does not exceed more than 1 hour for each 3 hours of flight engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500 hours

Aeronautical Experience Airplane category rating –Applicant may be issued ATP with this endorsement: “Holder does not meet the PIC aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO”

Restricted Privileges Minimum hours for ATP –750 hours DD-214 showing honorably discharged Armed forces record verified pilot –1,000 hours Bachelor’s degree with aviation major Completes 60 recognized semester credit hours Holds commercial pilot certificate Presents graduation certificate –1,250 hours Associate’s degree with aviation major Completes 30 recognized semester credit hours Holds commercial pilot certificate Presents graduation certificate

Restricted Privileges Minimum hours for ATP –750; 1,000; or 1,250 hours exceptions 200 hours cross-country flight time required Armed forces record verified pilot –1,500 hours Only 200 hours cross-country flight time May apply for ATP –“Holder does not meet the PIC aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO”

Additional Categories/Ratings Holds ATP with other category rating –Applying for single-engine class rating Meet eligibility requirements (61.153) Pass knowledge test (61.155(c)) Comply with requirements (61.157(b)) Meet aeronautical requirements (61.159) Pass practical on areas of operation –Applying for multi-engine class rating Meet eligibility requirements (61.153) Complete ATP certification training program Pass knowledge test (61.155(c)) Comply with requirements (61.157(b)) Meet aeronautical requirements (61.159) Pass practical on areas of operation

Privileges/Limitations Privileges –Same privileges as commercial pilot certificate with instrument rating –Instruct other pilots in air transportation service and endorse logbook/training record –Instruct in flight simulator and flight training device and endorse logbook/training record Limitations –Excluding briefing and debriefings, ATP may not instruct for more than: 8 hours in any 24-consecutive-hour period 36 hours in any 7-consecutive-day period –May not instruct CAT II or CAT III operations unless trained and successfully tested

Part 61 Subpart H Flight Instructors “When you are finished changing, You’re finished” Benjamin Franklin

Flight Instructor Eligibility Requirements –At least 18 years old –Read, speak, write, and understand English –Hold either commercial pilot certificate or ATP –Receive logbook endorsement –Pass 2 knowledge tests –Pass required practical test –Log at least 15 hours as PIC in appropriate airplane for instructor rating being sought

Flight Instructor Records MUST sign logbook of each person to whom instructor gave flight or ground training Must maintain logbook than contains –Name of each person they have endorsed for solo flight privileges and date of endorsement –Name of each person they have endorsed for knowledge or practical test, and also indicate the kind of test, date and results Must retain records for at least 3 years

Flight Instructor Privileges Give training and endorsements to: –Student pilot certificate –Pilot certificate –Flight instructor certificate –Ground instructor certificate –Aircraft rating –Instrument rating –Flight review –Practical test –Knowledge test

Limitation and Qualifications Limitations –Hours of training Any 24-consecutive-hour period Conduct not more than 8 hours of flight training –Instrument rating Rating on flight instructor/pilot certificate Appropriate to category and class of aircraft –Student pilot endorsements Must have given flight training required Determined student prepared to conduct flight safely Endorse certificate and logbook

Renewal CFI Certificate has not expired –CFI good for 24 calendar months –Pass practical test One of the ratings listed on current flight instructor certificate An additional flight instructor rating –Present to authorized FAA Inspector Within preceding 24 months –Endorsed 5 students for practical test –80% passed test on first attempt Served as company check pilot, chief flight instructor, company check airman, or flight instructor Graduation certificate completing an approved flight instructor refresher course –Within preceding 3 calendar months

Ground Instructors Eligibility Requirements –At least 18 years old –Read, speak, write, and understand English –Pass knowledge test on fundamentals of instructing –Pass knowledge test on aeronautical knowledge areas

Recent Experience Requirements Within preceding 12 months –Employment of activity as a ground instructor –Employment or activity as a flight instructor giving pilot, flight instruction, or ground instructor or flight training –Completion of an approved flight instructor refresher course –Endorsement certifying individual demonstrated knowledge