The Foundation of Sociology SOCIOLOGY I LECTURER: JONA VICTORIANO

What is Sociology? ETYMOLOGY - comes from the Latin word socius (companion, group, or society) and Greek word logos (science or study) -It focuses primarily on the influence of social relationships (social interactions) upon people’s attitudes and behavior and on how societies are established and changed. -- It aims to identify the cause-effect of any social phenomenon.

Auguste Comte January 19, 1798 – September 5, A French Philosopher -Dubbed as the “Father of Sociology”

According to Comte, society is composed of two divisions: 1. Sources of Order or Theory of Static- Ex. Social Structure (groups, communities, age, sex, race) 2. Sources of Change or Theory of Dynamic- Ex. Social Process

LAW OF THREE STAGES 1. Theological Stage - Animatism - Polytheism - Monotheism 2. Metaphysical Stage 3. Positive Stage

Sociological Imagination (C. Wrights Mills) -The application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions. Someone using the sociological imagination "thinks himself away" from the familiar routines of daily life. - It helps a person think a “general from the particular.”

The Importance of Studying Sociology 1. Awareness Of Cultural Differences 2. Self Enlightenment

Sociological Theories 1. Evolutionary Theory - Charles Darwin (“Survival of the Fittest” ) 2. Structural-Functionalist Theory -Emile Durkheim ( all parts of the society are interlinked and has different functions that serve the needs of the society. )

3. Social Conflict Theory - Karl Marx “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed. ” (Communist Manifesto, 1848) 4. Symbolic-Interactionalist Theory - Erving Goffman (“dramaturgy”)

QUANTI VS QUALI 1. Quantitative Design - It emphasizes understanding of social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis (questionnaires, surveys) to create valid and reliable general claims. 2. Qualitative Design - It emphasizes understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, interviews, with the participants, and analysis of texts.

QUALITATIVEQUANTITATIVE Type of ResearchEXPLORATORYCONCLUSIVE PhaseEARLYLATE Data Gathering InstrumentIN DEPTH INTERVIEWS, STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS, FOCUS GROUPS, NARRATIVES, PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS STATISTICAL METHODS Type of DataFORM OF WORDS (INTERVIEWS), IMAGES (VIDEOS), OBJECTS (ARTIFACTS) TABLES CONTAINING DATA I THE FORM OF NUMBERS AND STATISTICS ApproachSUBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

SCIENTIFIC METHOD Is a systematic, organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency in researching.

Sociological Research Methods RESEARCH DESIGN

Code of Ethics in Sociological Research 1. Maintain objectivity and integrity in research. 2. Respect the subject’s right to privacy and dignity. 3. Protect subjects from personal harm. 4. Preserve confidentiality. 5. Be sensitive to social issues and concerns. 6. Acknowledge research collaboration and assistance. 7. Have a sense of commitment in solving social problem.