Prepare your notebook for Cornell Notes Cell Energy ATP PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION Prepare your notebook for Cornell Notes

CHAPTER 9.1- ATP

I. Energy Energy is essential for life. All living organisms must be able to obtain energy from the environment they live in. Plants are able to trap the light energy in sunlight and store it to use when necessary. (Autotrophs) Animals obtain energy from plants or other animals that eat plants. (Heterotrophs) Energy is stored in chemical bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Forming and Breaking Down ATP The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the molecule is broken down. P P P Adenosine Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P P Adenosine

II. ATP Cycle A. ATP is composed of an adenosine molecule with 3 phosphates. (draw the structure) B. Phosphates groups are charged particles – charged particles with the same charge don’t like being next to each other. C. When the bond between the ADP and ATP is broken energy is released

III. AMP, ADP, ATP Cycle Adenosine monophosphate – has 1 phosphate Adenosine diphosphate - has 2 phosphates Adenosine triphosphate – has 3 phosphates

IV. What is ATP used for? Provide energy for muscle cells (muscle contraction) Active transport (review: movement of molecules from low to high concentrations) Transport molecules and proteins through the plasma membrane. Making and moving molecules through the body systems

Question A. AMP B. ADP C. ATP D. ACP A molecule of adenosine that has one phosphate group bonded to it is ______. (TX Obj 2; 4B) A. AMP B. ADP C. ATP D. ACP

Question Which type of cells would have the most ATP in them? A. Nerve Cells B. Brain Cells C. Bone Cells D. Muscle Cells Why do you think so?

Photosynthesis Chapter 9.2

Vocabulary 1. ___photosynthesis____ – the process by which autotrophs (plants) convert sunlight (radiant energy) to a usable form of energy (chemical energy). Supports most of the life on earth Autotrophs that perform photosynthesis contain chemicals called pigments.

Pigments 2. ____Chlorophyll__– important photosynthetic pigment found in the chloroplasts. Chlorophyll absorbs all the wavelengths of light except green (that is why most plants look green)

Chloroplast 3. ______chloroplast______ – an organelle that performs photosynthesis A photosynthetic cell contains anywhere from one to several thousand chloroplasts

Equation for Photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy  C6 H 12 O6 + 6 O2 Write in words the formula for photosynthesis… Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

Photosynthesis in a NUT SHELL

Light Reactions The light reactions, also known as light dependent reactions, convert energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. These reactions must take place in the light, inside chloroplast of plants specifically the thylakoids of the chloroplasts.

Dark Reactions Make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). This reaction cycle is also called Calvin Benison Cycle, and it occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast. ATP provides the energy, while NADPH provides the electrons required to fix the CO2(carbon dioxide) into carbohydrates. Light is not required for these reactions to occur.

Question A. cellular respiration B. glycolysis C. photosynthesis The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is ________. (TX Obj 2; 4B, 8C TX Obj 3; 9D) A. cellular respiration B. glycolysis C. photosynthesis D. photolysis

Chapter 9.3 – Cellular Respiration

Warm-up (copy in your notebook) Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Table 9.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Food made (glucose) Food broken down (we eat it) Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy of glucose released Carbon dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in Produces oxygen and glucose Produces CO2 and H2O Requires light Does not require light Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll (autotrophs) Occurs in all living cells

I. ___cellular respiration_____ – the process by which glucose molecules are broken down to release energy. Series of chemical reactions which produce ___ATP_. There are ___2 types___ of cellular respiration.

Equation for Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy(ATP)

Glycolysis Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm Total energy yield = 4 ATP, but 2 ATP used in process so…Net ATP gain = 2 ATP Advantages - Reaction is fast, cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds, Does not require oxygen

What’s Next? What comes next depends on whether conditions are aerobic (with O2) or anaerobic (without O2). In presence of O2, molecules enter Krebs Cycle and ETC (electron transport chain) releasing additional ATP In the absence of O2, glycolysis is followed by fermentation with NO additional energy production

Krebs Cycle and ETC occur in the mitochondria of all organisms Structure of mitochondria Matrix = liquid portion Cristae – inner membrane where majority of ATP is produced

Stage 1 - Krebs Cycle Krebs cycle – biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA producing CO2, Hydrogen, & ATP Aka = Citric Acid Cycle Completes oxidation of glucose began in glycolysis Takes place in/ mitochondrion unlike glycolysis that occurs in/ cytoplasm

More Krebs Cycle Pyruvic acid from glycolysis diffuses across membrane to Mitochondrial matrix & forms Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Stage 2 - ETC Electron transport chain – Electrons from hydrogen are carried by NADH from Krebs cycle and passed down an electron transport chain (ETC), where high-energy electrons convert ADP to ATP, 32-34 more ATP produced. Concentration gradient between 2 membranes drives the chain ATP synthase catalyzes ATP from ADP and phosphate ion known as chemiosmosis just like photosynthesis

pH of the mitochondria is lower (acidic) in matrix of inner membrane than in between outer membrane and cristae As ETC processes occur and positive ions are moved across membranes the mitochondria becomes more acidic

Efficiency of energy: glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs = 2 ATP E.T.C. = 32 ATP

No O2 If no oxygen is present there is no Krebs Cycle or ETC, instead Anaerobic respiration (also called fermentation) will occur. Does not use O2 Produces 2 ATP Net (from glycolysis – no other ATP is produced) There are two types of fermentation Alcoholic fermentation – produces alcohol Lactic acid fermentation – produces lactic acid, it is an acid, when produced in skeletal muscles the muscles do not contract as easily (& are sore!)

Converting pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide 1. ____alcoholic fermentation____: when oxygen is not present yeast cells and some bacteria produce CO2 & ethyl alcohol Converting pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide Ex. Beer, wine, bread, and ethanol

2. _lactic acid fermentation_: process that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce Happens during ___strenuous_____ exercise when your cells run out of oxygen. Experience muscle fatigue and soreness caused by the ___build up___ of lactic acid.

Question A. photosynthesis B. cellular respiration The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called ________. (TX Obj 2; 4B, 8C TX Obj 3; 9D) A. photosynthesis B. cellular respiration C. the light-independent reaction D. the Calvin cycle