Chapter 15: The Muslim Empires World History – Mr. Meyer Date: 10/6 Bellringer Questions: 1.What are the Five Pillars of Islam? 2.Who is the “true prophet” to Muslim believers?

What is Islam: A review of the Basics Islam: The religion of Islam is an offshoot of the Abrahamic religions that all share one monotheistic God. Islam shares much in common with Judaism and Christianity. All three religions share the Old Testament as at least part of their holy scripture. Muslims read the Quran, or Koran as their holy text. It was written down based off of the recitations of Muhammad – Islam’s true prophet. Muhammad received the word of Allah, or God, from the angel Gabriel.

What is Islam: A review of the Basics Muslims must follow the Five Pillars: (p.194) Belief – There is one God and Muhammad is his true prophet. Prayer – Prayer Five times a day while facing Mecca. Charity – “Giving Alms,” giving part of one’s wealth to the poor. Fasting – No food or drink from dawn to sunset during Ramadan Pilgrimage – At least once in a lifetime, Muslims must travel on a hajj Most Muslim countries do not have separation between Church and State. Those countries are governed under shari’ah law, which is steeped in religious belief. There are all types of Muslims, from conservative to extreme – just like people of any religion. Not ALL Muslims are terrorists!

Chapter 15 Vocabulary Terms and People

10/7 – Vocabulary Self-Check *Use a Scratch Sheet of Paper

CH THE MUSLIM EMPIRES Section 1 – The Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Rise to Power The Ottoman Empire started with the gradual expansion of the Osman Turks in the NW corner of the Anatolian Peninsula. They started out as a peaceful people under the control of the Seljuk Turks They received territory as a reward for their help against the Mongols. The Ottomans spread Westward into the former territories of the Byzantine Empire. (The Balkans – Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, etc.) In the next 100 years of their expansion, Ottoman rule extended into North Africa, Western Asia and Eastern Europe.

The Fall of Constantinople: 1453 Mehmet II – Ottoman Sultan who wanted to end the Byzantine Empire in Eastern Europe. He laid siege to Constantinople with 80,000 troops aided by heavy artillery – 26 Ft. Long Cannons that could fire 1,200 lb stones. Mehmet II’s attack on Constantinople eventually breached the walls and destroyed the city. “What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction.” The Ottomans renamed the city Istanbul

Ottoman Expansion Sultan Selim I – Ottman Sultan who took control over Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. Ottoman territory expanded into Northern Africa, near Spain. Suleyman I – “The Magnificent,” – Expanded Ottoman territory into Central Europe up to the Danube River in Austria.

Ottoman Military Structure/ Government Ottoman Turks recruited from Local Christian populations in the Balkans to serve as jannisaries – an elite guard. Janissaries converted to Islam and served as Officers and Soldiers Whenever possible, the Ottoman sultans would divide territories into provinces and appoint pashas, or local officials who collected taxes and maintained law and order on behalf of the Ottomans. The supreme authority of the Ottoman system was the Sultan. Sultans were in charge of both political and military decisions. The position of Sultan could be passed to a Male heir. Sultans could take multiple wives – harem – and built extravagant homes. Sultans appointed a grand vizier - a chief administrator who led the day to day business of a sultan. Sultans would appoint ulema – religious advisers – to handle the religious and legal systems of their empire.

Ottoman Society People living under Ottoman rule were divided into categories based on occupation: Peasants Artisans Merchants - *The Most Privileged Class Pastoral Peoples (Shepherds) All land in the Ottoman Empire belonged to the Sultan. Women were treated with more tolerance than previous Islamic empires. Women could own property and inherit property. Women could not be forced into marriage In some cases women could seek divorce.

Problems in the Ottoman Empire Suleyman the Magnificent – 1520 – 1566: As sultan, he helped the Ottomans reach the height of their power. Problem: He executed two of his most able sons under suspicion of Treason, and left a less competent son in charge. After Suleyman’s death, officials and privileged groups throughout the empire sought to take over and corrupt the Ottoman system. Taxes were raised too high Treasuries were depleted European influence weakened the Ottoman System. Officials and Merchants sought to imitate and copy European habits and lifestyles.

The Mughal Empire The Mughal Dynasty was founded by Babur in The Mughals were foreign Muslims who captured territory in Western India. Akbar the Great - Extended Mughal rule over most of India Akbar’s reign is remembered for his interest and tolerance of all religions. – He even took a Hindu princess as a wife to unite his kingdom. After conquering most of the subcontinent, Akbar chose to bring peace to both Hindu and Muslim populations of the Mughal Empire. He gave political power to some Hindu officials – zamindars. Decline and Collapse of the Mughal Empire Akbar’s successors could not maintain control of the central government. They ended his policy of religious toleration and conflict resumed Corruption, Empty Treasuries and over-taxed populations led to the Mughal’s demise.

European Competition in India The British and French both had a heavy hand in Indian trade. The British founded the East India Company to ensure British interests in India. As the Mughal Empire came to an end, both British and French traders played local officials against each other. By the Mid-1700’s, England and France were in a war of Global competition. British interests in India were saved by Sir Robert Clive. Clive, an agent of the East India Company, led an army of British troops and local Indian fighters to drive the French out of India. The defeat of the French in India led to eventual British control and occupation of the subcontinent.

(Category)OttomansSafavidsMughals Warfare Art Government Trade Religion Social Structure Significant Rulers