1. The Muslim Empires

2. Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Seljuk Turks give lands to another Turkish tribe, lead by Osman, for help against Mongols
Seljuks decline, Osman Turks expand from NW Turkey
Ottoman sultans expand lands into E. Europe
Recruit local Christians as janissaries (elite fighters)
Adopt use of firearms (guns) in warfare
Sultan Mehmet II sacks Constantinople
“What a great city we have given over to plunder and destruction”; The Byzantine Empire falls

3. Ottoman Expansion Constantinople=Ottoman capital
renamed Istanbul
Sultan Salim I conquers Arab lands, named new caliph
Local leaders are called Pashas, help rule empire
Sultan Suleyman conquers Hungary
Navy controls Eastern Mediterranean
Ottoman Navy defeated by the Spanish, end exp.

4. Rule of the Safavids Early 1500s, Safavids control Persia
Shiite Muslims, take control of Iran & Iraq
Shah Ismail, goes to war with Sunni Turks
Turks win, take lands, Safavids must move capital from Tabriz to Isfahan
Turks control Caspian Sea
Shah Abbas allies with Europeans against the Turks
Safavid empire declines, Persia left in anarchy

5. India and the Mongols
1500s: India is a mix of Hindu & Muslim empires; Mongols take advantage, unite
Babur creates new dynasty, uses artillery to conquer Kabul and Dehli
Akbar (grandson) conquers most of India
Religiously tolerant of Hindus, Jesuit advisors
Eventually, Mongol power declines, replaced by the British

6. British India
British set up trading posts in Surat, Fort William (Calcutta) & Chennai
French try to also set up forts/trading posts
Sir Robert Clive drives out French, is made chief representative of East India Co.
Job: kill anyone who threatens British interests
British often offended locals, but grew rich from trade, rule India until 1900s.