BACTERIA!

1. Classifying Bacteria A. Bacteria are classified into 2 Kingdoms a. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

1. Classifying Bacteria B. Bacteria (prokaryotes) are different from eukaryotes in a few main ways a. Lack nuclei b. Single-celled c. Have a single circular piece of DNA d. Use flagella to move

2. Eubacteria A. Most common of the two kingdoms

3. Archaebacteria A. Kingdom consists of 3 main types B. Bacteria in this group are defined as living in extreme environments Halophiles: salt environment Thermophiles: hot environment Methanogens: metabolize methane

4. Structure of Bacteria A. Draw and label a bacterial cell – 1. pili 2. flagella 3. capsule 4. ribosome 5. plasma membrane 6. cell wall 7. DNA

5. Classification of Bacteria A. Rod-shaped(bacillus) a. tuberculosis, tetanus B. Spiral (spirilli) a. syphillis C. Spherical (cocci) a. strep,,staph, scarlet fever

Rod-shaped

Spherical

Spiral

Cocci – round Bacilli – rod Spirilli – spiral prefix Strepto – chains Staphylo – clusters Diplo - pairs shape

How can you tell the difference between the types of bacteria?  Gram Staining  Shape of the bacteria

 Bacteria can be identified by a technique known as gram staining.  Bacteria are either classified as gram positive or gram negative. It is based on protein in the cell wall.

Gram-negative bacteria appear pink Gram-positive bacteria appear purple

6. Bacterial Reproduction A. Since bacteria have no nucleus, they cannot reproduce by meiosis or mitosis B. Instead, they undergo one of two other processes a. Binary fission  Divides into 2 genetically identical cells asexually b. Conjugation  One bacteria transfers DNA to another sexually, through pilus.

7. Harmful Bacteria A. Harmful bacteria – pathogens such as salmonella, lyme disease, botulism, tetanus a. Can be transmitted through air, water, food, insects

7. Harmful Bacteria B. Infection can be prevented a. Cool or freeze food for storage and cook thoroughly b. Vaccines C. Treatment a. Antibiotics – interfere with the bacteria’s ability to build cell walls

Diarrhea, urinary tract infections Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus

Strep Throat Streptococcus

8. Helpful Bacteria A. Most bacteria are helpful and are used for many things a. Help with digestion in our gut b. Produce essential vitamins c. Decomposers d. Used to make milk, cheese, yogurt e. Break down oil after oil spills f. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 g. Used for Nitrogen fixation in the Nitrogen Cycle.

Nitrogen fixation – Azolla (symbiotic with legumes) and Anabaena (symbiotic with ferns)