1. Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes And Bacteria SBI 3C: OCTOBER 2012

2. BACTERIA CLASSIFICATION  Can be classified into 2 kingdoms:  Eubacteria  Archaebacteria  Similarities:  Unicellular  Prokaryotic  Single chromosome  Reproduce asexually by binary fission  Thrive in moist environments Dr. Oz – Toilet bacteria: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CljhLb1Ar9Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CljhLb1Ar9U Mythbusters: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQgVn3AvJ8Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQgVn3AvJ8A

3. CELL TYPES  2 TYPES OF CELLS:  Eukaryotic:  Has a true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane  Ex. Plants and animal cells  Prokaryotic:  Does not have its chromosomes surrounded by nuclear membrane  Ex. Bacterial cells

4. PROPERTIES: NUCLEUS PROPERTYEUKARYOTESPROKARYOTES DNA USUALLY 46 CHROMOSOMES FOUND IN NUCLEUS SINGLE CHROMOSOME SINGLE LOOP TRUE NUCLEUS PRESENT ABSENT NUCLEAR MEMBRANE PRESENT ABSENT

5. PROPERTIES: ORGANELLES PROPERTYEUKARYOTESPROKARYOTES INTERNAL ORGANELLES COMPLEX MANY VERY FEW SIMPLE ORGANELLES RIBOSOMES LARGER SMALLER CELL WALL FOUND IN PLANTS, ALGAE AND FUNGI PRESENT MITOCHONDRIA PRESENT ABSENT PLASTIDS CHLOROPLASTS IN PLANTS AND ALGAE ABSENT FLAGELLA COMPLEX TAILS INVOLVED IN MOVEMENT, FEEDING AND SENSING SIMPLE

6. PROPERTIES: FUNCTIONS PROPERTYEUKARYOTESPROKARYOTES MOVEMENT COMPLEX FLAGELLA, CILIA, CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING SINGLE FLAGELLA GLIDING REPRODUCTION MITOSIS BINARY FISSION CONJUGATION EVOLUTION APPEARED 1.5 BILLION YEARS AGO APPEARED 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO METABOLISM LOWER METABOLIC RATE, LOWER GROWTH RATE AND THUS GREATER GENERATION TIME HIGHER METABOLIC RATE, HIGHER GROWTH RATE AND THUS A SHORTER GENERATION TIME

7. PROPERTIES: SIZE AND EXAMPLES PROPERTYEUKARYOTESPROKARYOTES SIZE USUALLY >2UM DIAMETER USUALLY <2UM DIAMETER EXAMPLES PLANTS ANIMALS PARAMECIUM E COLI BACILLUS ANTHRACIS

8. ARCHAEBACTERIA  Thrive under extreme conditions  Three major groups:  Thermophiles:  Live in extremely hot environments (hot springs)  Methanogens:  Grow on carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas to produce methane  Live in deep sea vents and intestines of mammals (ex. humans)  Halophiles:  Live in extremely salt environments (salt flats)

9. EUBACTERIA  Best known example: Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) Flagella: used for movement Pili: hair-like structures, help bacteria attach to each other Genetic material floats in cytoplasm Ribosomes: make protein Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell wall Capsule: sticky coating that protects them from immune systems Dr. Oz – Toilet bacteria: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CljhLb1Ar9U Mythbusters: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAOC3A0xJ8&feature=related

10. EUBACTERIA: CELL WALL  Can identify bacteria based on cell wall  Eubacteria contain polymer peptidoglycan in cell wall  Differences in amount of peptidolgycan determine staining of bacterial cell gram positivegram negative

11. BACTERIA Stained with crystal violet dye (purple) Fixed with Gram’s iodine Decolourized with ethanol Stained with safranin (red) STAINING THE CELL WALL Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet and appear purple Ex. Staph Gram-negative bacteria ethanol washes out crystal violet so they stain red with safranin and appear pinkish red Ex. E coli

12. EUBACTERIA: SHAPE AND CONFIGURATION  SHAPES:  Spherical  Rod  Spiral  CONFIGURATION:  Cocci (singular: coccus)  Bacilli (singular: bacillus)  Spirilla (singluar: spirillum)  All form pairs, cluster colonies or chains of cells Spherical Rod Spiral

13. EUBACTERIA: NUTRITION AND RESPIRATION  RESPIRATION:  Some are aerobic (need oxygen to survive)  TB bacteria  Some are anaerobic (only grow without oxygen)  Tetanus, botulism  Some can grow with or without oxygen  E Coli  NUTRITION:  Autotrophs: make their own food  Photosynthetic (energy from sun), chemisynthetic (energy from chemical reactions)  Heterotrophs: obtain nutrients from other organisms

14. EUKARYOTIC REPLICATION:  Eukaryotic cells replicate by mitosis

15. PROKARYOTIC REPRODUCTION:  Reproduce asexually by binary fission

16. CONJUGATION:  Donor and recipient bacteria make cell to cell contact by sex pilus  Plasmids (genetic info) are exchanged resulting in altered characteristics

17. BACTERIAL DISEASES NAMESYMPTOMSBACTERIAL SHAPE PnuemoniaClogs up lungsCocci Salmonella (from food)Vomiting, diarrheaBacillus Cholera (from water supply) Diarrhea, crampsBacillus TetanusConvulsionsMotile bacillus Tuberculosis Infects lungs, fever, weight loss Bacillus Leprosy Skin lesions, decay of extremities Bacillus GonorrheaPenal discharge, painful urination Diplococcus

18. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION:  Bacterial diseases can be treated using antibiotics  Antibiotics are chemicals toxic to bacteria which are produced commonly by plants and fungi  Eg. Penicillin (from the fungus penicillium)  Bacterial diseases could be prevented using vaccines  Substances which stimulate your body to produce antibodies to the bacterium even though you are not infected

19. BACTERIAL GROWTH:  Lag Phase:  Adjust to environment  Exponential Growth:  2  4  8  16  Stationary Phase  Stable, just enough food or space  Death  Running out of nutrients