JQ: Do you eat seafood? List all the sea food you’ve tried 1

2 DESTROYING ECOSYSTEMS Pollution is generally divided into two classes: a. point sources - where the source can be identified, regulated or prosecuted b. non-point - where no single entity is responsible, such as runoff from over -fertilized yards or oil stained highways and parking lots

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4 Types of Pollution: 1. Sewage - greatest single source of ocean pollution It is the most harmful because it often contains mixtures of all the other types of pollution. High bacteria counts, particularly of E. Coli (also called fecal coliform) points to serious pollution and potential health hazards.

5 2. Oil – oil spills and NON-POINT oil runoff - Prevents birds from flying, causes hypothermia, damages liver, blocks photosynthesis Oil also coats benthic organisms, larvae and eggs. It prevents evaporation and gas exchange at the surface, resulting in suffocation.

6 3. Thermal - sources are discharges from industries using water for cooling which raises the temperature an average of 12 degrees (5 Degrees Celsius) locally Most organisms can only tolerate 3-5 degree increase. Changes all the other properties of water

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8 4. Chemical - Sources are industry, pesticides & runoff into storm drains Biomagnification is a process by which organisms concentrate toxins in the exchange of energy in food webs. Bioaccumulation – is the increase in concentration of a substance in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food.

9 Notable examples such as mercury poisoning in Minimata Bay, Japan and the nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl that produced birth defects and cancers in humans. Animals are also affected. For example, birds developed reproductive disorders like soft shells and crossed bills. There may be many hidden connections linking chemicals in our food, water and air to a variety of disorders and disease. High phosphate and nitrates cause algae blooms that block sunlight and gas exchange. Bacteria decomposing organic material further reduce oxygen levels. - EUTROPHICATION

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12 5. Garbage and dumping - Sources may be individuals, industry or the government. It may later cause suffocation, strangulation or digestive blockages. NOAA

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16 6. Acid rain created by emissions from industry, cars and space shuttle launches. – burning fossil fuels Acids restrict the formation of shells and prevents enzyme activity.

17 7. The Greenhouse effect results in atmospheric heating. It is caused by an increase in carbon dioxide levels that prevent infrared light from escaping the atmosphere. This results in world wide temperature increases. With warmer temperatures, the sea level could rise as glacial ice melts. Thus salinity, density and coastlines would change. However, scientists do not agree on many of these issues. The bottom line is that we were already polluting the Earth by the time we started to take base line measurements.

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19 Why is overfishing such an environmental problem? Describe the severity the Pacific Bluefin Tuna case. How much money did a bluefin tuna attract at the auction in Tokyo? What percentage of the world’s bluefin tuna does Japan consume? What are some ways in which overfishing can be prevented/lessened? List ways in which you, personally, can be negatively affected by overfishing.

Journal Question: What is your New Year’s Resolution(s)? If you do not have one, come up with one now. How will you achieve your goal? YOU NEED YOUR MARINE BIO BOOK

21 10% Abiotic Acid rain Algae blooms, cancer in humans, soft shells in bird eggs Benthos Biomagnification Porifera Cleaning symbiosis Commensalism Cnidaria Community Decomposer Net productivity Niche Parasitism Pelagic and benthic Pelagic, benthic, neritic Phytoplankton Populations Predation Primary producer Release nutrients Sessile Sewage Succession mammalian Zooplankton Demersal cephalopods Ecology Ecosystem Epifaunal Fewest individuals Food web Heat Herbivore crustacean Infauna Keystone species Largest organisms osteichthyes Mutualism Nekton Neritic