Warm-Up What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Warm-up: In your opinion, what character in The Help made the biggest initiative towards eliminating racial inequality? Why?

Warm-up: 2 page essay on racial inequality: 1960's vs Include (at least 3) examples from The Help, and specific examples you see today. Do you see any changes? Are there still some inequalities?

Video: Living the Life of Another Race Take notes while watching this video (you will need them for later use!) Video 1: watch?videoId=rqwXN0rQAYY watch?videoId=rqwXN0rQAYY Thoughts on the video? Video 2: watch?videoId=ieBBGZ55Qfk watch?videoId=ieBBGZ55Qfk Video 3: watch?videoId=taqre2El-uU watch?videoId=taqre2El-uU

Living the Life of the Other Race 1. Do you think all people should go through this experience? Why or why not? 2. After the transformations, did the family members act the same way as their original race? 3. What were some of the experiences that they faced as their “new” race? What were some of their reactions? 4. Compare/Contrast the two videos. What are some similarities and differences faced by the these families? 5. What caused tension among members of the same race families? Why do you think that happened? 6. Do you think a person’s race affects how they are treated by people? Why or why not? Please give 3 examples and explain. Essay Prompt (1 page): if you could change your race, what race would you change to? Write about some experiences you might encounter and some activities you might participate in.

Ch. 9: Race & Ethnicity “I know of no rights of race superior to the rights of man” – Frederick Douglas

Before we start… Reminder: be sensitive to the feelings of others Also, sociology deals with general trends and groups-not personalities and individuals. There will be exceptions for every trend and generalization Does anyone want to share and personal experiences with issues of discrimination or prejudice? Now, lets get past the individual experiences and focus on society in general.

Race and Ethnicity: So, what IS the difference? Survey Race and Ethnicity in the United States: edia/action/yt/watch?videoId=VA7La 5JgOUk edia/action/yt/watch?videoId=VA7La 5JgOUk

Section 1: Preview Write your own definition for each of the following terms: Minority Race Ethnicity Now, read the first section (pg. 276) and compare your definition to the book definition. How do they differ?

Racial and Ethnic Profile at AHS Enrollment: 3,097 American Indian:1.4% Asian: 3% African Am.: 21.6% Hispanic: 21.9% White: 49.9% Pacific Islander: 0.6% Economically Disadvantaged: 23.3% Limited English Proficient: 1.1% What do these stats say about this school?

Dimension of Stratification Social stratification is the creation of layers of people who possess unequal shares of scarce resources. Income, wealth, power, and prestige are the most important resources.

Minorities A minority population is defined by something more than size or number. A minority has 5 key features: –A minority has distinctive physical or cultural characteristics that can be used to separate it from the majority. –The minority is dominated by the majority.

Minority Key Features cont’d Minority traits are often believed by the dominant majority to be inferior. Members of the minority have a common sense of identity, with strong group loyalty. The majority determines who belongs to the minority through ascribed status.

The Four Americas Read the passage on the hand out, and answer the questions. This will be a quiz grade.

Defining Race Members of a race share certain biologically-inherited physical characteristics that are considered equally important within a society. Sociologists focus more on the social attitudes and characteristics that relate to race more than physical differences.

Ethnicity An ethnic minority is socially identified by unique characteristics related to culture or nationality. This type of minority is a subculture defined by its own language, religion, values, beliefs, norms, and customs. Negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities exist in part because of ethnocentrism (judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards). The majority may view a minority as inferior because they differ in beliefs, values, and norms.

Remember… Ethnocentrism is not limited to the white majority or just to Americans, or even Western Europeans. Many other cultures have displayed ethnocentric or racist behaviors toward minorities in their societies. Examples? The Chinese and the Japanese have historically been very isolationist based on feelings of their own cultural superiority. More recently… The Hutus and the Tutsis The Serbs and the Kosovars The Armenians and the Turks; oId=4Gu4nP_YvK4 oId=4Gu4nP_YvK4

Attitudes of Americans Toward Immigrant Minorities

Immigration…Discussion Then vs. Now tch?v=YhEl6HdfqWM What are the attitudes on immigration now? How do these attitudes tie into race and ethnicity?

Why are ethnic minorities seen as inferior? Negative attitudes exist in part because of ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism involves judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards. Ethnocentrism also creates the feeling of “us”, the group one belongs to, verus “them”, the other groups. What group (or groups of people) are seen as superior? Why?

Activity… Read “The Travelling People” on page 279 On a sheet of paper… Use either functionalism or conflict theory (from ch. 7) to explain this attitude toward the Travellers. Be prepared to discuss.

Section 2 Racial and Ethnic Relations

Analogies of the United States Melting Pot: Implies a desire to have everyone assimilated according to the dominant culture’s standards Tossed Salad: Seems to allow for more diversity within a larger unity (cultural plurality) Why do you think this change in thinking might have developed? Article

Article Questions: 1.How can anti-immigrant sentiments divide a community? Give examples from the article. 2. What initiatives have groups taken to unite ethnic communities? Give example from the article. 3. What do you think happened between 1990 and 2009 that caused a big increase in immigration to the United States? 4. In your opinion, why do you think it is important to learn about immigrants first hand? Explain. 5. How do groups like the Ku Klux Klan and neo- Nazis influence different ethnic communities?

Activity Write down how the meaning of race is changing in the United States today. Do you have the same racial attitudes as your parents? Grandparents? How do you imagine your own (future) children viewing the concept of race? What trends do you see developing in racial attitudes?

Patterns of Assimilation Assimilation refers to the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society. ch.com/media/action/yt/w atch?videoId=HvTf1_Vy1b Yhttp:// ch.com/media/action/yt/w atch?videoId=HvTf1_Vy1b Y ch.com/media/action/yt/w atch?videoId=ZSTdGC4z 6iohttp:// ch.com/media/action/yt/w atch?videoId=ZSTdGC4z 6io

Warm-up: What are some reasons ethnic groups might have for immigrating? What are some different push and pull factors?

Patterns of Assimilation (cont.) –Anglo-conformity—immigrants are accepted as long as they conform; the most common pattern of assimilation in America. –Tendency of immigrants to lose much of their native cultural heritage and conform substantially to the core Anglo-Protestant culture of the United States –Melting pot/tossed salad—all ethnic and racial minorities voluntarily blend together.

Patterns of Assimilation (cont.) –Cultural pluralism—immigrants maintain some of their “old” ways, which can result in introducing some of their culture to the United States. –Examples? –The Amish –Native Americans –Accommodation—a minority maintains its own culturally-unique way of life. –Examples? –Say a Buddhist Asian moves to the US and learns English, but still speaks his or her language, and still embraces his or her native culture, while trying to make a way for themselves in the United States

Different Types of Immigration legal or illegal voluntary or involuntary (such as slaves) refugees who have well-founded fears of persecution because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or political affiliation migrants who are seeking work safe-haven seekers who want temporary safety from disasters sojourners who come for a specific short- term reasons, such as tourism or study

Group Activity: Problem Solve the Following Scenario Rumor has is that one of five assistants at your school unfairly punishes members of a certain race and gender when dealing with discipline referrals. You and your best friend (who is also a member of this unfavored group) are sent to this assistant because of tardiness. You receive a counseling session and your parents are called; your friend gets five days of ISS, a parent conference, and one Saturday class. During your sociology class, you mention what you think is an inequitable response from the administration. Your teacher suggest you formulate a plan of action to remedy the situation. Decide whether you would proceed at all, or whether it would be wiser to assume that life is not fair and sometimes you just have to grin and bear it. If you decide to take action, brainstorm the steps you would take to (1) ascertain that there really was an inequity and (2) come up with a remedy for the situation.

Patterns of Conflict Different forms of conflict: –Genocide—the systematic effort to destroy an entire population. – h?videoId=qQl5MCBWtoohttp:// h?videoId=qQl5MCBWtoo –Population transfer—a minority is forced either to move to a remote location or to leave entirely the territory controlled by the majority. –Examples? –Again, Native Americans – atch?videoId=Np-TYoZE5NMhttp:// atch?videoId=Np-TYoZE5NM

Impact of the Holocaust

Patterns of Conflict (cont.) –De jure segregation—subjugation based on the law. - Examples? - Brown vs. Board of Education -Plessy vs. Ferguson –De facto segregation—a situation of segregation that exists regardless of what the law is. –Examples? –Subjugation—the minority is denied equal access to the culture and lifestyle of the larger society; the most common pattern of conflict. – Zs8WlDghttp:// Zs8WlDg –Other examples of subjugation?

Pulling it all Together: Rank these terms by degree of hostility or control that each term indicates is exerted against a minority group by a majority culture: Subjugation Assimilation De jure segregation De facto segregation Genocide Cultural pluralism Accommodation Population transfer

Section 3 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination

Discussion Do you believe most people are prejudiced OR do you believe that most people are free from prejudice?

Question: What are ways in which people are prejudiced that does not involve race or ethnicity? Examples: A certain type of music A certain sport A style of dress People who are overweight Too loud Too old

What about other types of prejudice? Types of music Sports Style of dress Obese people Old people

Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination To a sociologist, prejudice refers to the widely-held preconceptions of a group (minority or majority) and its individual members. Prejudice involves a generalization based on biased or insufficient information. Racism is an extreme form of prejudice. Racists believe that discrimination or exclusion is morally justified because of their own natural superiority. Discrimination involves acting upon those biased opinions by treating people unfairly.

Question: To what extent do you think change is brought about by the government mandate as compared to the actions of individuals who challenge the status quo? As late as 2 years after the 1954 Supreme Court Brown vs. Board of Education decision, six southern states had still not integrated their schools. Many historians believe that the civil rights movement succeeded not because of traditional or mainstream institutional forces, but because of the grassroots of African American participation

Stereotypes A stereotype is a set of ideas—based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification— that is applied to all members of a group. yt/watch?videoId=h68UJaHvG_chttp:// yt/watch?videoId=h68UJaHvG_c Can they become self-fulfilling prophecies? yt/watch?videoId=ASDzcvyatgwhttp:// yt/watch?videoId=ASDzcvyatgw

Hate Crimes A hate crime is a criminal act that is motivated by extreme prejudice. Each of the perspectives—functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionism—can help us understand reasons for hate crimes. Functionalist: bolstering their sense of community among a common enemy Conflict: based on the belief that the victim is somehow threatening the person’s livelihood Symbolic: labeling!

Hate Crime Examples: Do hate crimes occur between all races or ethnic groups? ?videoId=bMN4Voz8vc0 ?videoId=bMN4Voz8vc0 ?videoId=RrnMYg62boM ?videoId=RrnMYg62boM Why would people “fake” hate crimes? d=f7sTeXg2H-khttp:// d=f7sTeXg2H-k Trayvon Martin vs. George Zimmerman

Article: The Curious Case of Trayvon Martin Do you think this was a hate crime or just a random act of violence?

American History X watch?videoId=jXaZENPQrswhttp:// watch?videoId=jXaZENPQrsw watch?videoId=8hEtN0-vF90http:// watch?videoId=8hEtN0-vF90

Mini-Quiz: True/False Most hate crimes are extremely brutal and involve violence done to a person True: Research shows that more force than necessary is often used against the victims than just to render them helpless The U.S. Constitution has identified English as the official language of the country. False The frequency of hate crimes in the U.S. has finally begun to decrease False: in 1999, hate crimes were still on the rise Most school-related hate crimes are committed by students who belonged to organized hate groups False: Students arrested for hate crimes are more likely to be acting alone or with one or two friends Some kinds of hatred toward certain groups of people are instinctive and biologically based. False: Racism is a culturally transmitted or learned behavior

The Functionalist Perspective Negative aspects of prejudice and racism: –The social, political, educational, and economic costs to society are extremely high. –The safety and stability of the larger society are at risk due to violence. Positive aspect of prejudice and racism: –The self-concepts within the majority group are strengthened due to a feeling of superiority.

The Conflict Perspective According to the conflict theory, a majority uses prejudice and discrimination as weapons of power to control a minority. They do this in order to increase control over property, goods, and other resources. Minorities tend to view one another as competitors instead of allies in the struggle against the majority.

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective According to this perspective, members of a society learn to be prejudiced in much the same way that they learn to be patriotic. –Pregeneralized learning period—children overhear parents making racist statements, but they have not yet learned to separate people by race or ethnic group. –Total rejection stage—children can use physical clues to sort people into groups. Two stages in learning to be prejudiced:

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (cont.) Language itself can also reflect prejudices. Self-fulfilling prophecy—an expectation that leads to behavior that then causes the expectation to become reality—also plays a large role in this perspective. Members of a minority fail because of the low expectations they have for their own success.

Survey: Design a questionnaire that would measure people’s exposure to other races and cultures. Examples of questions might be: How many people do you associate with daily (or weekly), who are not a member of your own race? How many times in the past week (or month) have you had a conflict with someone of a different race or culture? When you have formulated 10 good questions, answer them for yourself.

Section 4 Minority Groups in the United States

Why do people of Irish and Italian ancestry want to be identified as a separate minority group?

Institutionalized Discrimination Institutionalized discrimination results from unfair practices that are part of the structure of society and that have grown out of traditional, accepted behaviors. Examples: –Seniority systems –Public school systems

African Americans African Americans are the largest racial minority in the United States. Reasons for their minority status: –Skin color and physical features –History as slaves Hidden unemployment—discouraged workers who have stopped looking or part- time workers who would prefer to have full- time jobs.

African Americans (cont.) Inequalities: –African American income is 62% of what whites earn. –A lower percentage of African Americans are employed in higher paying professional positions. –The jobless rate of African Americans was slightly more than double that of whites in 2005.

African Americans (cont.) Despite these inequalities, gains have been made: –More than 25% of African Americans work in professional and managerial positions. –Business ownership has been increasing dramatically. –African Americans have also increased their political presence.

African Americans (cont.) Some scholars see an emergence of two black Americas—a growing black middle class and a black underclass - people typically unemployed who come from families that have been poor for generations

Latinos Latino is a term that refers to ethnic minorities from Latin America, a region that includes Mexico, Central America, South America, and the islands of the Caribbean. Latinos: –are the largest minority group in America. –fall behind white Americans in formal education.

Latinos (cont.) –make an average income that is higher than that of African Americans but significantly lower than that of non-Latino whites. –are becoming a force in shaping American politics.

Native Americans Native Americans, more than any other minority, are suffering today from the effects of hundreds of years of discrimination. Native Americans are running casino-type gaming establishments, which is helping the quality of life for many families. Many challenges, such as better health care and education, still need to be met.

Asian Americans The road for Chinese Americans has not been easy since they began immigrating in the 1850s; however, today they are recognized as successful. Japanese Americans also had a rocky beginning, but are now one of the most successful racial minorities in the U.S.

Asian Americans (cont.) Why are they so successful? –They have not had to deal with centuries of prejudice and discrimination like the African and Native Americans. –They have used the educational system for upward mobility.

White Ethnics White ethnics are the descendents of immigrants from Eastern and Southern European nations, particularly Italy and Poland. White ethnics also include Greek, Irish and Slavic people. White ethnics have not traditionally been victims of discrimination, but still feel the need to display their cultural and national origins.