Biology Review First Semester Unit 1: Nature of Life Chapter 18: Classification Unit 3: Cells Unit 4: Genetics Unit 6: Microorganisms Unit 7: Plants

Characteristics of Living Things

Characteristics of Living Things 1.made up of cells 2.can reproduce themselves 3.based on universal genetic code 4.can grow and develop 5.can obtain materials and use energy 6.respond to their environment 7.maintain a stable internal environment 8.As a group will change over time

Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled. Designing an Experiment

Classification 7 Levels of classification

Classification 7 Levels of classification 1.Kingdom 2.Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species Kind People Come Over For Great Spaghetti

Grizzly bearBlack bearGiant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Classification of Ursus arctos Go to Section:

Six Living Kingdoms Prokaryotic 1. Bacteria (New Bacteria) 2. Archbacteria (Old Bacteria, harsh environments) Eukaryotes 3. Protista (Amoeba or Slime Mold) 4. Fungi(Mushroom or Yeast) 5. Plantai(Fern or Rose) 6. Animalia (Human, Insect, worms, or sponges)

Cell ___________Cells (ex: Bacteria) – No true nucleus – No membrane bound organelles ___________ Cells (ex: Humans, Plants) – Larger – Nucleus – Membrane bounded organelles

Cell Prokaryotic Cells (ex: Bacteria) – No true nucleus – No membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Cells (ex: Humans, Plants) – Larger – Nucleus – Membrane bounded organelles

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Centrioles Animal Cell

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Passive Transport Molecules in a tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of less concentration. Does not require energy. diffusion and osmosis Active Transport Sometimes cells move materials in the opposite direction from which the materials would normally move—that is against a concentration difference. This process is known as active transport. Active transport requires energy.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis – reactants products Cellular Respiration – reactants products

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis – Converting Light energy into food. 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + Light energy6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 reactants products Cellular Respiration - Converting food into chemical energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + ATP reactants products

Nucleic Acids Name two types: Similarities and Differences:

Nucleic Acids DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA:Ribonucleic acid – Made up of Nucleotides:5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base – Nitrogenous bases: A - T, C – G – Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (DNA only) – Uracil (RNA only) – Replication – Transcription – Translation – Protein

Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis – Cell Division – In humans start at 46 chromosomes end at 46 chromosomes – 2 new daughter cells Meiosis – Formation of the sex cells – gametes – Human cells start at 46 chromosomes end at 23 chromosomes – 4 new daughter cells

Mitosis vs Meiosis Type of Produces# of daughter # of Human Cell divisioncell type cells chromosomes Mitosis somatic (body cell) 2 46 (diploid) Meiosis gametes (sex cell) 4 23 (haploid)

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DNA Replication Each strand of the DNA double helix has all the information needed to reconstruct the other half by the mechanism of base pairing. In most prokaryotes, DNA replication begins at a single point and continues in two directions.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transcription RNA molecules are produced by copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA. This process is called transcription.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation –Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). –Translation takes place on ribosomes. – During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries –Diffusion Particles in a solution tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called diffusion. When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached equilibrium.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Osmosis –Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Genetics Phenotype – traits that you can physically see Genotype - the genetic information that you can’t see (made up of 2 alleles) – Heterozygous – Bb – Homozygous – BB or bb (dominate or recessive)

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Punnett Squares Probability and Segregation One fourth (1/4) of the F 2 plants have two alleles for tallness (TT). 2/4 or 1/2 have one allele for tall (T), and one for short (t). One fourth (1/4) of the F 2 have two alleles for short (tt).

Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls. Their cell walls contain chitin, a complex carbohydrate. Fungi depend on other organisms for food. They digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it. Some fungi absorb nutrients from decaying matter in the soil. Other fungi are parasites, absorbing nutrients from their hosts.

Plants Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. Plants develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b. In order to survive, plants need: sunlight water and minerals gas exchange transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Environmental goods and services may be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable. Renewable resources can regenerate if they are alive, or can be replenished by biochemical cycles if they are nonliving. A nonrenewable resource is one that cannot be replenished by natural processes.

The Value of Biodiversity Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere. Ecosystem diversity includes the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world. Species diversity is the number of different species in the biosphere. Genetic diversity is the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today.