Chapter 13, Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution It Matters Because: The advances made during the Scientific Revolution laid the groundwork for modern science.

I. Early Science A. People developed science to solve problems 1. Mathematics to keep records 2. Developed astronomy to: a. map the sky & navigate the earth b. keep time & map the seasons for planting & harvesting B. Ancient Greeks used reason to develop theories Aristotle 1. Aristotle - observed plants & animals, classified them by similarities & differences Ptolemy 2. Ptolemy - theorized the sun & planets revolved around earth geocentrism a. geocentrism - theory that earth is the center of the solar system C. Ancient thinkers did not test theories with experiments; many were incorrect

II. Medieval Science A.Medieval Europeans interested mainly in religious ideas 1. Did not explore, test, or question ancient thought B. Jews, Arabs in Islamic empire preserved ancient Greek & Roman ideas (philosophy & science) 1. Made advancements in mathematics, science, medicine C. Crusades led to contact between Arabs & medieval Europeans 1. Renewed interest in science 2. Adopted Arabic numerals (which we use today), abandoned Roman numerals

Thomas Aquinas D. Thomas Aquinas - scholastic thinker who showed Christianity & logic could work together E. European universities opened, advanced scientific study F. Voyages of exploration led to better charts, maps, navigational tools 1. Increased understanding of oceans, continents, diseases, animal- & plant-life II. Medieval Science

III. Changing Understandings of the Universe Scientific Revolution A. Europeans began to think differently about science following Reformation, leading to Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution 1. Scientific Revolution - period from 1500s-1700s in which scientific advances changed many traditional beliefs Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric B. Nicolaus Copernicus believed sun was center of the universe; heliocentric theory 1. Contradicted church teaching; was not immediately accepted

Johannes Kepler C. Johannes Kepler used math to prove heliocentric theory Galileo Galilei D. Galileo Galilei believed they key to scientific thought was experimentation 1. Disproved Aristotle’s theory that objects with greater mass fall faster; gravity pulls equally on all objects 2. Improved a new invention, the telescope 3. Invented the clock pendulum 4. Invented water thermometer III. Changing Understandings of the Universe

IV. New Scientific Advances A.Isaac Newton A.Isaac Newton was English mathematician Principia 1. Defined gravity in his book Principia, tested & authored the laws of motions for objects on earth & in space 2. Explained how gravity holds the sun and planets in orbit 3. Invented calculus B. Different scientists discovered that the atmosphere is made of many different gases Antoine Lavoisier 1. Antoine Lavoisier proved that fire needs & consumes oxygen in order to burn

C. Microscope used by: Robert Hooke 1. Robert Hooke to discover cells Antoine van Leewenhoek 2. Antoine van Leewenhoek to discover bacteria Robert Boyle 3. Robert Boyle to prove that all matter is made of elements that cannot be broken down into simpler parts IV. New Scientific Advances

V. The Triumph of Reason A. European thinkers & social scientists began to apply scientific principles to society René Descartes B. René Descartes questioned truth & human existence 1. “I think, therefore I am.” 2. Claimed mathematics is the source of scientific truth a. math follow simple rules, logic rationalism 3. Founder of rationalism: reason is the main source of knowledge Francis Baconscientific method C. Francis Bacon developed the scientific method 1. Scientific method - Orderly search for knowledge