Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria

Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria Archaebacteria - live mainly in extreme habitats; most of the time no oxygen available Eubacteria - true bacteria; found in more hospitable places

Archaeabacteria Also called extremophiles Found in harsh environments Unicellular and Prokaryotic Cell Walls without peptidoglycan Can be autotrophic (chemosynthesis) or heterotrophic

Three main groups of Archaeabacteria Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles

Methanogens Found in swamps, marshes, sewage treatment plants, and digestive tracts of animals

Halophiles Found in very salty water, such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake

Thermoacidophiles Found in very extreme temperatures and pHs, such as hot springs and deep sea volcanic vents

Eubacteria Also called true bacteria Unicellular and Prokaryotic Cell Walls WITH peptidoglycan Can be autotrophic (chemosynthesis) or heterotrophic

Three main shapes of Eubacteria Coccus (spherical) Bacillus (rod- shaped) Spirillum (corkscrew or comma-shaped)

Arrangement of Eubacteria Pairs: Diplo- (diplobacillus, diplococcus) Chains: Strepto- (streptobacillus, streptococcus) Clusters: Staphylo- (staphylobacillus, staphylococcus) These naming rules do not apply to spirilla shaped bacteria

Gram Staining Another way to categorize bacteria is by how they stain. Gram positive bacteria stain a dark purple because of peptidoglycan outside the cell wall. Gram negative bacteria stain pink because the layer of peptidoglycan is hidden by an outer membrane.

Bacterial Reproduction Bacteria can perform asexual reproduction in the form of Binary Fission Cell splits in 2, results in clones of the parent

Bacterial Reproduction Bacteria can also perform sexual reproduction in the form of Conjugation. A “tunnel” forms between two bacteria and genetic material is exchanged.

Benefits of Bacteria Chemosynthetic bacteria fix nitrogen into different forms usable by animals Symbiotic bacteria in the gut of animals help to digest foods Some can help break down oils and detergents Decomposers break down decaying plant and animal material

Health Effects of Bacteria Can cause diseases such as Tetanus Botulism Pneumonia Tuberculosis Lyme Disease Gonorrhea Syphilis Necrotizing Fasciitis Anthrax Others

Antibiotics Antibiotic – Interferes with cellular processes and kills bacteria Penicillin – Interferes with the synthesis of the cell wall Tetracycline – Interferes with protein synthesis Bacteria can mutate and become antibiotic resistant