1. Bacteria Notes

2. Intro. To Bacteria Bacteria song http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=tqOVYpkZ0qs

3. Classification Bacteria are classified into 2 kingdoms: 1. Kingdom Archae (ancient bacteria) 2. Kingdom Bacteria (true bacteria)

4. Characteristics of Bacteria Microscopic Unicellular Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Have a cell wall Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

5. Kingdom Archae Contains 3 groups found in extreme conditions 1. methanogens: live in oxygen-free environments such as thick mud, swamps, or digestive tracts (convert carbon dioxide to methane gas); essential in sewage treatment. 2. halophiles: live in areas with high salt concentration such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. 3. thermoacidophiles: found in hot, acid waters in such places as Yellowstone Nat’l Park.

6. Swamps are homes to methanogens.

7. Dead Sea is home to halophiles.

8. Yellowstone is home to thermoacidphiles.

9. Kingdom Bacteria Cell Shape: a. Rod-shaped: bacillus b. Sphere-shaped: coccus c. Spiral shaped: spirilla

10. Eubacteria Arrangements a. Strepto- : long chain b. Staphylo- : clump or cluster c. Diplo- : paired

11. Bacteria Names ***Sometimes the name tells the shape of the bacteria: Streptococcus:long chain, spherical Staphylococcus: cluster of spherical cells Streptobacillus: long chain, rod-shaped Diplococci: paired spheres

15. Obtain energy by: a. autotrophic b. heterotrophic 1. decomposers 2. nonpathogenic: beneficial; found in digestive system to help break down food; (99% of all bacteria) -in humans are E. coli. 3. Pathogenic: disease causing bacteria ( only 1% of bacteria)

16. Pathogenic bacteria and diseases/infections they cause InfectionBacteriumSymptomsCauses Acne PropionibacteriaChronic cysts, blackheadsIncreased oil production in skin Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Fever, trouble breathingInhaling spores Lime Disease Borrelia burgdorferi Rash, aching, fever, swelling of joints Bite from infected tick Tetanus Clostriduium tetani Severe muscle spasms, fever, lockjaw Wound contaminated with soil Gingivitis Streptococcus mutans Tooth cavitiesLarge amounts of bacteria in mouth Warning: next few slides are not for the squeamish…..

17. Gingivitis Anthrax Lime disease Acne Tetanus

19. Strep ThroatTetanus Gonorrhea

20. Bacterial Reproduction a. Binary fission: asexual; 1 cell 2 cells; population doubles every 20 minutes. b. Conjugation: sexual reproduction; join & exchange genetic info; increases diversity (and resistance to antibiotics) c. Spore formation: endospore forms during adverse conditions; very thick, protective wall; may remain dormant for years.

21. Binary Fission http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=DY9DNWcqxI4

22. Bacterial Conjugation http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=jPpduFxV600

23. 1:Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest. 2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.Obligate aerobes Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycollate broth thioglycollate broth :

24. Conditions necessary for optimal growth a. Food supply b. Moisture c. Warmth: 80-100 °F d. Darkness (light may kill)

25. Prevention of Bacteria Prevention: public health measures such as: 1) killing of ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, etc. 2) proper disposal of sewage 3) protection of water supplies 4) Vaccinations

27. Control of Bacteria Control: 1) Antibiotics- medicine that comes from the fungi kingdom. The antibiotics punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, killing them. *discovery of penicillin saved many lives in WWII 2) Food processing (boiling, refrigeration, steaming, canning, salt, vinegar, sugar, vacuum packaging.)

29. Importance of Bacteria a. E. coli: strain found in the large intestine. Helps with digestion. b. Decomposition: natures recylcer’s. Breaks down dead organic matter, returns nutrients back to soil. c. Food products: yogurt, cheese, sour cream, pickles d. Nitrogen fixation: nitrogen needed to build proteins; the nitrogen in the atmosphere is not usable; bacteria take nitrogen from atmosphere and convert it to nitrates. Plants take up nitrates through roots then we eat the plants. e. Bacteria phylum cyanobacteria supplies much of our atmosphere with oxygen.

30. YouTube - Jeff Simmonds - The Multiplication Song Bacteria counseling group