© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 6 Skeletal System

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Functions 1.Support/framework 2.Protect 3.Movement and anchorage 4.Mineral storage 5.Hemapoiesis (formation of RBC)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions Framework/Support: body structure and shape Protection: for vital organs(brain, heart, etc.) Levers/Movement for attached skeletal muscles wk with muscular sys for mvmt*** –Tendons: attach muscle to bone –Ligaments: attach bone to bone Mineral storage: calcium and phosphorus Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis (red and white blood cells)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structure and Formation of Long Bone © 2014 Cengage Learning.

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Structure and Formation of Bone Osteocytes –Mature bone cell Organic material (flexibility) –Collagen –Jellylike material Inorganic material (hardness and durability)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Growth Females grow until about 18 years of age Males grow until about years of age

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Composition Cells Osteoblasts: bone building, bone repairing cells in the periosteum Osteocytes: mature bone cells within the bone Osteoclast: causes reabsorption of bone

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone tissue Mature bone cell Cells that Aid in Bone Formation

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Formation Skeleton fully formed by 2nd month of fetal development (all cartilage) After 8th week of fetal development ossification begins (mineral matter deposited and replaces cartilage) Childhood and adolescence: –ossification exceeds bone loss Early adulthood thru middle age: –ossification equals bone loss After age 35: –bone loss exceed ossification***

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long) Fetal Skeleton

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Bone

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Types Long bones Flat bones Irregular bones Short bones Sesamoid bones

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Long bones Found in the extremities Act as levers Examples: femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Short Bones Cube shaped Allows flexible movement Examples: –Carpals –Tarsals

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Flat Bones Protect vital organs and provide broad surface area for muscle attachment Examples: –Cranial bones –Scapula –Sternum –Ribs

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Irregular Bones Peculiarly shaped to provide support and protection, yet allow flexibility Examples: –Vertebrae –Mandible

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sesamoid Bones Extra bones found in certain tendons Example: –Patella

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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. QUIZ Name the Bones & Type of Bone

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of Long Bone Diaphysis –Shaft –Composed of compact bone Epiphysis –Ends of bone composed mostly of spongy bone Periosteum –outside covering of diaphysis Endosteum –Lines medullary cavity Arteries Articular cartilage Medullary cavity –Cavity inside the shaft –Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

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Long Bones Shaft or diaphysis Each end is the epiphysis –Covered by articular cartilage In the center is the medullary canal –Yellow bone marrow –Endosteum (lining of the marrow canal)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Long Bones Red marrow –Ends of long bones –Manufactures red blood cells and some white blood cells Periosteum –Covering on the outside of the bone

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Marrow Red bone marrow –Found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, ends of humerus and femur –Produces: Erythrocytes – red blood cells Plateletes - thrombocytes – clotting cells Some leukocytes – white blood cells Yellow bone marrowYellow bone marrow –Found in medullary cavity of long bones –Fat storage

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Marrow Yellow marrow Medullary cavity of long bones Fat storage Red marrow Hematopoietic tissue In all cancellous bone in children In adults: cancellous bone of vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur and humerus Forms RBCs, platelets, some WBCs, and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Divisions of the Skeletal System

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Axial skeleton –Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone Appendicular skeleton –Upper and lower extremities

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Axial Skeleton 22 bones of the skull 14 facial bones Spinal column (vertebra) Ribs and sternum

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body Divided into three parts: Skull Vertebral Column Thorax

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. DID YOU KNOW… The giraffe, with its long neck, has the same number of cervical vertebra as a human…just much longer.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Skull © 2014 Cengage Learning.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Skull © 2014 Cengage Learning.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sutures- connects parietal bones to temporal bones

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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton Composed of 126 bones Includes bones of the: –Limbs (appendages) –Pectoral (shoulder) girdle –Pelvic (hip) girdle

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremities Shoulder girdle Arm Hand

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremities Pelvic girdle Upper leg Lower leg Ankle Foot

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Joints Called articulations –Points of contact between two bones 1.Synarthroses (immovable) joints 2.Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints 3.Diarthroses (movable) joints

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Classification 1.Synarthrotic: immovable - cranium 2.Amphiarthrotic: limited movement i.e. pubic symphysis, vertebral joints, sacroiliac joint 3.Diarthrotic: freely movable –Gliding: bones of the wrist –Pivot: between radius and ulna –Ball and socket: hip –Hinge: elbow

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3. Diarthroses Joints Movable joints Ball-and-socket joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Gliding joints

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2. Amphiarthroses Joints Partially movable joints Cartilage between their articular surfaces Examples: –Ribs to the spine –Symphysis pubis

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1. Synarthroses Joints Immovable joints Connected by tough, fibrous connective tissue Example: –Adult cranium Cranial joints are called sutures

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Motion Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Motion Rotation Promation Supination

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging of the Bones and Joints Bone mass and density decline External surfaces of the bones thicken Intervertebral cartilage disks shrink Center of balance is altered

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging of the Bones and Joints Joints less mobile Increased rigidity and decreased flexibility Fear of falling

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Diseases and Disorders Unit 6.3

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Bones and Joints Fracture –Greenstick –bent and split, incomplete break –Closed/simple –complete break of the bone with no damage to skin –Open/compound –bone breaks ruptures skin –Comminuted Two or more bones that are broken into smaller pieces 

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Bones and Joints © 2014 Cengage Learning.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Repairing Fractures Closed reduction Open reduction Traction ( pulling forced used to get the bones in place) used for fx of long bones

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Bone and Joint Injuries Dislocation –bone is displaced from a joint Sprain –twisting action tears ligaments Hammer toe (toe that is curled or flexed) RICE Treatment –Rest –Ice –Compression –Elevation

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of the Bones Arthritis –Rheumatoid arthritis –Osteoarthritis Gout Rickets

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Bone and Joint Injuries Slipped (herniated) disc Whiplash injury

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine Kyphosis (kye-FOH-sis) hunchback Lordosis (lor-DOH-sis) swayback Scoliosis –Side to side curvature PAGE 109 in book

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Disorders Osteoporosis (AKA: silent disease) –no symptoms until injury –Detrition of bone Osteomyelitis –Inflammation/infection of the bone Osteosarcoma –Bone cancer

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Arthritis (tx ASA & exercise) Two main types: –Rheumatoid –Osteo *Gouty Arthritis ( 1 st attack in the big toe)* too much uric acid

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Rheumatoid Chronic inflammatory disease affecting the connective tissues and joints More common in women Onset around age Causes permanent deformity and immobility Early treatment is key Treatment: Rest, medications, steroids, surgery

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Osteoarthritis Most common form Chronic result of aging Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion, No cure Treatment: Rest, anti-inflammatory medication,, steroid injections, hot/cold applications, and exercises

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Bursitis Inflammation of the bursae Small fluid filled sacs around the joints Symptoms: Severe pain, fluid accumulation Treatment: pain meds, steroids rest, aspirating fluid, and physical therapy

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Fracture-crack or break in bone Green stick- bent and split, incomplete break Simple/closed- complete break of the bone with no damage to skin Compound/open- bone breaks ruptures skin Impacted- broken ends jam into each other Comminuted- bone splinters into more than two pieces. Spiral- twist resulting in one or more breaks Depressed-skull moves inward common in head injuries Colles- breaking and dislocation of the radius (falling outstretched hand)

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Reduction- proper alignment for healing –Closed reduction- cast or splint –Open reduction- surgical repair Dislocation- bone is displaced from a joint Sprain- twisting action tears ligamnets

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Osteomyelitis Bone infection and inflammation Symptoms: severe pain, fever chills, swelling Treatment: IV antibiotics

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Osteoporosis Metabolic disorder caused by hormone deficiency Loss of calcium and phosphorus causes Bone density test Treatment: increased intake of Vitamin D, medications to increase bone mass, exercise and estrogen replacement

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Ruptured Disk (Herniated or ruptured disk) Padding between disk ruptures or protrudes out Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, immobility Treatment: rest, traction Physical therapy or massage

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.