1. Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System 206 bones Functions Supports body and provides shape
Protects internal organs
Movement and anchorage of muscles
Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus)
Hemopoiesis (red marrow of the bone is the site of blood cell formation – red marrow is in long bones (epiphyses), sternum and ilia).
Test question = provides mineral storage like calcium
Test question = hemopoiesis – red marrow in long bones, sternum, & ilia produce RBC’s

3. Microscopic mature bone cells
Bone formation
Osteocytes = mature bone
cell
Osteo = bone
Cyte = cell
Microscopic mature bone cells
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

4. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
Ossification – new minerals deposit to form bone
Begins at 8 weeks gestation
Minerals replace previously formed cartilage.
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5. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
Infants bones are soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification.
As bones ossify, they become hard.
Long bones grow in length and ossify from the center to the ends.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

6. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Know the following….
Osteocytes = mature bone cells
Osteoblasts = cells that actually form bone
Osteoclasts = cells that tear down old bone
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7. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

8. Types of Bones Long bones Found in the arms and legs Diaphysis – shaft
Epiphyses – ends
Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells
Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

10. Chewing with movable skull bone = mandible
Occipital bone connects with spinal column

11. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Skull frontal view
What are the structures of the frontal view of the skull.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

12. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Skull lateral view
What are the structures of the lateral view of the skull.
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14. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid
(u-shaped bone in neck to which the tongue is attached)
Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs (126 bones total)
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

15. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skelton
Hyoid Bone
What is unique about the hyoid bone?
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

16. Vertebral Column

17. Spine – Vertebral Column
Encloses the spinal cord
Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage
Intervertebral discs
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae
Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

18. Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Clavicle, scapula, humerus
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

19. Appendicular skeleton
Clavicle = collar bone
Scapula = shoulder blade
Humerus = upper arm
Radius and ulna = lower arm (radius = thumb side)
Carpals = wrist bones held together by ligaments

20. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Metacarpals = hand bones
Phalanges = fingers
Pelvis = 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Femur = upper leg, longest and strongest bone in the body
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

21. Tibia and Fibula = lower leg (tibias touch – tibia is larger of the two bones)
Sternum = breast bone
Patella = kneecap
Tarsal bones = ankle bones
Calcaneus = heel bone
Metatarsals = foot bones

22. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis
Pelvic girdle = ilium, ischium and pubis
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

23. Joints
Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement:
Diarthrosis – movable
Amphiarthrosis – partially movable
Synarthrosis – immovable
Articular cartilage – covers joint surface
Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints
                                             

24. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

25. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Ball and socket
One bone has a ball at one end
The other has a concave socket
Allows for the greatest range of motion
Ex: shoulder
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Joints
Hinge joint
Move in one direction
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Joints: Diarthroses
Example of a hinge joint.
Define uniaxial…
permits movement in one axis only
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Joints
Pivot joints
Bones that rotate across each other
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Joints
Gliding joint
Bones with flat surfaces that slide across each other
i.e. bones in ankle and hand
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30. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Amphiarthroses
Partially movable joints
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Joints
Synarthroses
Immovable joints
Connected by fibrous connective tissue
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32. Bursa and Synovial Membrane
Fluid-filled sac that contains the synovial membrane
Lined by synovial membrane
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33. Bursa and Synovial Membrane
Capsule that encloses a joint
Lines the bursa
Contains synovial fluid
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34. Types of movement
Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.

35. Extension
A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.
i.e. going from sitting to standing

36. Abduction A motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body.
Adduction
A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

37. Circumduction
The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.

38. Rotation A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.
i.e. shaking your head “no”

39. Pronation
A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

40. Supination
The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.

41. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
Arthritis = An inflammation of one or more joints.
Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful

42. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis = A chronic, autoimmune disease = joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common
1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

43. Rheumatoid arthritis
                                                
Osteoarthritis

44. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Gout
Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.
1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

45. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Osteoporosis- most of those affected are women.
Mineral density of bone is reduced 35% – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, more porous and more prone to fracture. (soft like a sponge)

47. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Osteoporosis
How do you think osteoporosis treated?.
Why is her height decreasing?
1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

48. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Rickets
Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.
Is this a common problem in the US? Why or why not?
Normal legs

49. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Abnormal spinal curvatures
Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis
swayback
hunchback
1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

50. Skeletal System Trauma
Dislocation
Separation of bones in a joint
Subluxation = partial separation (dislocation)
1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

51. Skeletal System Trauma
Fracture- a break in a bone
Treated by:
Closed reduction- cast or splint applied
Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment
Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place
Used for fractures of long bones

52. Closed or simple Open or compound Greenstick Comminuted Spiral
bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin
Open or compound
broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection
Greenstick
in children, bone bent and splintered but
never completely separates
Comminuted
splintered or broken into many pieces
Spiral
bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks