Creating an Empire,

Main Points Origins of Empire  American Westward Expansion  Conquest of Indigenous Peoples  Sense of Superiority Debates and the Context Spanish-American War  Cuba, Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico China and the Open Door Latin America

Terms and Definitions Imperialism  the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas; the extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence Empire  a major political unit having a territory of great extent or a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority; the territory of such a political unit; something resembling a political empire; an extensive territory or enterprise under single domination or control

Origins of Empire Unification & Westward Expansion Race & Views of Indians Railroads and national markets Search for resources and markets abroad Economic competition lead to territorial acquisition U.S. policy makers debated American power globally

The Global Context European Empires A Shrinking World  Explorations  Railroads  Telephones  Canals Competition for resources and trade

Debating Empire Henry Cabot Lodge (R) “a record of conquest, colonization, and territorial expansion unequalled by any people in the 19 th century.” Formal vs. Informal Empire Rationales for Imperialism  Racism and Social Darwinism  Righteousness  Mahanism  Economics

Early Policy-makers Secretaries of State William Seward  East Asian Trade & Caribbean hegemony  Alaska 1867  Open Japan to American goods James G. Blaine  Caribbean bases  Panama canal

Hawaii & the Pacific Sovereign nation Missionaries, sugar, Dole Corporation Military Base 1880s Trade Tariff Attempted coup 1893 Senate rejected it

Spanish-American-Cuban War Growing U.S. Power in Hemisphere Declining Spanish Power Cuban independence movement  Jose Martí  U.S. business interests President McKinley wavered Yellow Journalism

Propaganda

War and Occupation “Treachery” Manhood, honor, race April 25, 1898 Teller Amendment Roosevelt and his “Rough Riders” Treaty

The U.S. in the Caribbean 1899 Treaty Cuba, Puerto Rico & Guam go to the U.S Platt Amendment Puerto Rico: taxation and citizens but not represented in Congress Guam is a “territorial possession”

Philippines Part of larger U.S.-Spanish conflict Independence Movement 1899 Treaty Emiliano Aguinaldo Native Resistance 70,000 U.S. troops Formal control after yrs conflict Tactics from Indian Wars

Propaganda

The American Empire McKinley, “We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California, It is Manifest Destiny.” 1898 Congress and McKinley approved annexation of Hawaii Anti-Imperialist League

Rhodes vs. Uncle Sam

U.S. and Asia Open Door Policy  Forced China to open markets to Americans and Europeans  Opposed nationalist Boxer Rebellion Spheres of Influence  Permanent part of American foreign policy

U.S. and Latin America 20 interventions Economic imperialism Panama Canal  Columbia rejected U.S.  Coup and intervention Roosevelt Corollary  Police Power  Control debt and economy  Regulate foreign affairs

Dollar Diplomacy William H. Taft  Economic influence  Financial dependence  Influence politics  Intervention to protect “U.S. Interests” from anything “threatening” profits, including the domestic democratic reform efforts of countries U.S. has invested in.  Alliances with conservative and military forces to “maintain law and order”

U.S.-Mexico Relations Fluid Border Mexican Revolution 100,000’s crossed over Fled upheaval 1915 Plan de San Diego Texas Rangers, Anglos kill nearly 5,000 along border

Border Disputes Revolution and impact on El Paso & Juárez Pancho Villa Weapons and support Villa into Columbus, Mexico 1917 closed down border to immigrants

Mexican Interventions U.S. troops to Veracruz to stop German weapons, twice General Pershing Chased Pancho Villa into Mexico U.S. & Mexico almost went to war

Conclusions Origins of Imperialism  Manifest Destiny  Conquest of Indigenous Peoples American Empire-Building Race, religion, economics, strategic goals Roosevelt Corollary Shaped foreign policy today