Over a billion people–about one-fifth of the world’s population–live in South Asia. The people of the region speak hundreds of languages and practice several major religions.

At present rates, South Asia will nearly double its current population by the year India, with its 1.3 billion citizens, has the largest population in South Asia and 2 nd largest population in the World. It is expected to surpass China as the World’s largest due to India’s high fertility rates.

Large populations greatly impact South Asian nations. Bangladesh, the second most populated country in South Asia, has difficulty feeding its population. Private and government programs have been set up to encourage women to have fewer children and become involved in business. The number of children per woman decreased from 4 to 2.8 in the 1990s.

With 772 people per sq mile, South Asia’s population density is almost seven times the world average. Tropical and coastal areas have the highest population density, while dry areas, like Pakistan, have lower population density. Most of South Asia’s population is rural. Most people in the region live in agricultural areas, such as on the Ganges Plain or along the coasts. Desert and mountain areas are sparsely populated.

In recent years, many South Asians have moved to cities, drawn by the hope of better jobs. The resulting overpopulation causes shortages in housing, health care, and educational facilities, as well as serious pollution.

South Asian cities are among the world’s most densely populated urban areas. Important cities in the region include Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta), Delhi, Dhaka, and Karachi. Mumbai, India’s main port on the Arabian Sea as well as its largest city, has a population of more than 15 million.

Indian Civilization began in the Indus valley around 2500 B.C. A thousand years later hunters and herders called Aryans came from the northwest to settle in the subcontinent. The light skinned Aryans drove darker skinned people called, Dravidians to the south

After the Aryans, other groups invaded South Asia through the Khyber Pass, establishing new empires and civilizations. First the Mauryan Empire, Mauryan leader Asoka would help spread Buddhism. Later the Gupta Empire would control South Asia Under the Gupta Hindu civilization, technology and the arts flourished.

By the 1100s, Muslim forces had conquered northern India. The Muslim-led Mughal (Mogul) Empire dominated the subcontinent for centuries, converting many South Asians to Islam.

The Taj Mahal is an Indian Icon and the most famous piece of Mughal architecture. A symbol of love the white marble mausoleum, was constructed in the 1600’s for the emperors favorite wife.

In the 1500’s Europeans arrived in India looking for goods such as spices and cloth. The French, Dutch, and British set up costal trading colonies.

India would make the British East Indies Trading Company wealthy. In 1857 the British government would put down a revolt and established direct rule over India. The period of direct British control, called the Raj (the Hindi word for empire), lasted for nearly 90 years. The British restructured the school system, introduced the English language, built railroads, and developed a civil service.

The great India leader Mohandas Gandhi began an opposition movement based on nonviolent resistance. He worked to end the rigid social system and became known as Mahatma, or “Great Soul.”

Gandhi born in India in 1869 His father was a local politician Accepted to law school Went to S. Africa for 1 year law assignment Was thrown off a train car because of his skin color Stayed 21 years in Africa fighting for rights His non-violence led to many victories Was a hero when he returned to India in 1915 Threw himself into the struggle of Indian Independence He believed most leaders could not relate to the masses Gandhi adopted the life of the poor. He lived in a small hut with few possessions. In this humble place he organized resistance to British Rule Set up strikes, sit-in’s, nonpayment of taxes, and boycotts. He was arrested and jailed by the British over and over. During one protest the British opened fire killing 400 Indians Gandhi pushed for noncooperation, bringing India to a standstill

“An eye for an eye and soon the whole world is blind.” “I seek the blunt edge of the Tyrant’s sword not by putting up against it a sharper-edged weapon, but by disappointing his expectation that I would be offering physical resistance. My method is conversion not coercion.”

Gandhi slowly gained more political power through the 20’s and 30’s. When WWII ended Great Britain offered full independence. Though Gandhi achieved that goal he could not heal Muslim-Hindu Tensions. The Muslim population broke away from the new country forming Pakistan. Riots broke out. In protest to the fighting Gandhi fasted and the fighting stopped. Angered by Gandhi’s tolerance for Muslims a Hindu nationalist shot and killed Gandhi.

Eventually Britain gave in and in 1947 India gained its independence. Once it became independent Muslims to the west and east sought to gain their independence from the mainly Hindu India. Those with a Muslim majority became Pakistan, which was separated into two sections–East Pakistan and West Pakistan–by about 1,000 miles of land belonging to India. In 1971, East Pakistan revolted against West Pakistan and became the new country of Bangladesh.

Since independence, India and Pakistan have fought over the disputed province of Kashmir. Today, both countries have nuclear weapons.

India’s 1st Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru helped India adopt a constitution and become a democracy. India, often called the world’s largest democracy, is a federal parliamentary republic. For 40 years after independence, members of the Nehru family headed India’s government. Today India enjoys a relatively stable government. Pakistan is a parliamentary republic that has endured many years of military rule. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are parliamentary republics, where intense political or ethnic rivalries have made stable government difficult. Nepal and Bhutan are ruled by monarchies that are trying to modernize and still keep some power.

The people of South Asia speak 19 major languages and hundreds of local dialects. About half of all Indians speak Hindi. Urdu is the official language of Pakistan, and Bengali is the official language of Bangladesh. Language

Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism are the major religions of South Asia. Christianity is concentrated in urban areas in southern and northeastern India. Religion affects diet, daily activities, and dress in South Asia. Many religious groups also have some influence on the political process. Religion

Hinduism Hinduism is the world’s oldest major religion. It began in Indus Valley around 3,500 BC. It developed over time and has no founder and no specific sacred text. As a result there is great variety with in the religion and a lot of religious toleration. Hinduism is polytheistic and recognizes many gods, who are worshipped in temples dedicated to them.

According to Hindu beliefs the soul never dies but is re-born (reincarnated), perhaps in another form (even an animal) when the body dies. As a result most Hindus are vegetarians and the cow is valued creature. Hindus must recognize and carry out his or her dharma, or moral duty. Karma, the moral consequences of one’s actions, influences how the soul will be reborn. Good deeds help a person achieve perfection; evil deeds tie one to the endless wheel of rebirth. The process of rebirth will continue until the soul reaches perfection which is described as the complete absence of desire, a state called Moksha.

An integral part of the religion is the caste system, a system of social classes. As a result of karma and reincarnation you are born into a social class. Four basic castes: Brahmans-priests & scholars Kshatriyas-rulers & warriors Vaisyas-farmers & merchants Sudras-artisans & laborers Below these are the “untouchables”

Other Hindu practices Cremation, and Arranged Marriage. The use of Dowries in arranged marriages has caused some discrimination towards girls and a preference for sons.

Buddhism is a religion that began in Northern India and encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama. Many who practice a Western Religion (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism) consider Buddhism to be more of a philosophy since it lacks many of the elements those in the western world consider to be key in a religion. Buddhism For example: Buddhist are neither monotheistic or polytheistic. They do not endorse any view on creation. There is no set place of worship, meditation can be done anywhere. Buddhism is flexible and can be combined with other religions “Speculating about the existence and nature of gods is like a man who is hit by an arrow wondering who made it and who shot it, rather than trying to treat the wound.”

Siddhartha was born near the border of India and Nepal during the 500s B.C. He left his family and riches to seek the true nature of human existence. Known as the Buddha, or Awakened One, Siddhartha urged people to achieve contentment by working diligently, thinking clearly, showing compassion, and avoiding attachment to material things.

Nirvana – a state of being in which one had obtained wisdom and compassion. An ideal condition of rest, harmony, stability, or joy. A key belief in Buddhism is the Four Noble Truths: (1) all living beings suffer; (2) the origin of this suffering is desire—for material possessions, power, and so on; (3) desire can be overcome; and (4) there is a path that leads to release from desire After many cycles of rebirth, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. This is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering. Concisely put, the aim of Buddhist practice is to put an end to the stress of existence. "I teach one thing and one thing only: suffering and the end of suffering" -The Buddha To achieve this state of the end of suffering (Nirvana), adherents train and purify the mind by following the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, eventually arriving at an understanding of the true nature of all things.

Islam Began on the Arabian Peninsula, abt. 610 AD Founder: Prophet Mohammed Monotheistic – one deity Mosque – Place of Worship Sacred Text = Qu’ran Closely tied to Judaism and Christianity, incorporates many of their beliefs. Islam is the second largest religion in South Asia. In South Asia most Muslims live in Pakistan and Bangladesh

Sikhism Sikhism is the newest of the South Asian religions. It was found around 1500 AD by Guru Nanak, who lived near the border of Pakistan and India. Guru Nanak was born to a Hindu family but began questioning religion at a young age. The religion that developed from his teachings is based heavily on Islam and Hinduism, the two religions he was most exposed to.

Like Muslims, Sikhs believe in one god and like Hindus, they believe in both reincarnation and karma. Sikhs believe that everyone has equal status in the eyes of God and have rejected the Hindu caste system. Practices included: Prayer three times daily A specific dress code that requires them to carry a Kirpan (dagger) and to refrain from cutting their hair. Sikhs may not use drugs, alcohol or tobacco, and most avoid meat products.

Other forms of Cultural Expression

Dance and musical performance have long traditions in India. Dance styles are based on the movements of ancient temple dancers. Mumbai is home to the world’s busiest and most productive film industry, Bollywood. South Asia’s sculpture and temple architecture express religious beliefs. Modern South Asian architecture blends traditional and Western styles.

South Asians celebrate a variety of traditional holidays based on some forms of religion. The region’s different countries also commemorate national holidays.

Farming is the most common profession. Most farming is done in the river valleys but in the Himalayan highlands, farmers practice terrace farming on the steep slopes. Most South Asians are subsistence farmers who grow only what they need for their families. Most of India’s farms are small, but there are some large plantations established by Europeans. South Asia has a favorable climate for growing crops. Spices, cotton, tea, rubber, jute, coconuts, bananas, and rice (grown for export) are the major cash crops of South Asia. During the 1960s, mechanized farming using new crop varieties sought to increase and diversify crop yields in less developed countries.

Textile production is a major light industry in South Asia. Thirty-eight million Indians work in the textile industry, producing cotton, silk, and wool fabrics and garments. Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of India’s independence movement, chose the spinning wheel as the symbol of the strength India could draw from its cottage industries (business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home)

More and more South Asians, especially Indians and Pakistanis, work in service industries such as transportation, banking, and administration. The high-technology industry has grown rapidly in South Asia. India, for example, is the world’s second-largest exporter of software, earning $5 billion in software trade with the United States in the year 2000.

Life expectancies in South Asia are generally lower than in most industrialized countries. The scarcity of clean water encourages the spread of diseases such as cholera and dysentery.

South Asian governments are working to raise literacy rates and extend educational opportunities to women and members of lower social classes.

Despite improved farming techniques and government efforts, many South Asians are too poor to buy high-quality protein foods. To obtain needed protein, some people eat soy-based tofu or beans. Religious dietary regulations keep Hindus from eating beef and Muslims from eating pork.

Most of India’s population is descended from the Dravidians, who have lived in the area for 8,000 years, and the Aryans, who invaded from Central Asia more than 3,000 years ago. Most Indians are Hindus however there are several minority groups in India, including Muslims, Sikhs, and Tamils.

Pakistan is mountainous and has five major ethnic groups. Most of the people of Bangladesh are Bengali. Most of the people in Pakistan and Bangladesh are Muslim. However, Pakistan is stricter in imposing the Islamic law on its citizens. Pakistanis follow the custom of Purdah, the seclusion of women. Both countries have experienced long periods of military rule and political corruption. They have disputed territory with India. They are becoming more Democratic. In the 1990’s both countries had women prime ministers.

Many of the people of Nepal and Bhutan are descended from Mongolians (from east Asia) like the Sherpas who live high in the Himalayas and work as mountain guides. Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. The founder of Buddhism of Siddhartha Gautama was born on the border of Nepal and India, but most people in Nepal are Hindus today.

Nepal and Bhutan are both landlocked and mountainous (Himalayas). The rugged landscape has isolated the countries throughout their histories. Both countries are poor and much of the land is not suitable for cultivation. For much of their history they were split into small religious kingdoms. Hindu kings ruled Nepal While Buddhist priests controlled Bhutan. Today both countries are constitutional monarchies (kingdoms in which rulers’ powers are limited by constitutions).

Sri Lanka is mostly Buddhist (though there is a Hindu minority (the Tamils) who would like to form their own country. The Maldives were originally settled by Hindus and Buddhists, but were taken over by Muslim Sultans. Now they have totally converted to Islam.

Sri Lanka has the highest per capita income in Southern Asia and Maldives is not far behind. Like most of South Asia, Sri Lanka’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, mainly rice farming. The economy of the Maldives is based on fishing and tourism.