Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 1 Introduction to Psychology LESSONS What Is Psychology? Contemporary Perspectives and Areas of Specialization CHAPTER 1

© South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1Slide 2 LESSON 1.1 What Is Psychology? OBJECTIVES Define psychology. Identify and describe the early pioneers and schools of thought in psychology.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 3 Psychology Defined Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 4 Early Pioneers and Schools of Thought School of ThoughtPioneer StructuralismWilhelm Wundt FunctionalismWilliam James Gestalt psychologyMax Wertheimer

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 5 Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) Structuralism was an early approach to psychology that tried to identify the basic parts, or structure, of the conscious mind.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 6 Functionalism William James (1842–1910) Functionalism was an early approach to psychology that tried to discover how the conscious mind functions to help humans survive in their environments.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 7 Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) Gestalt psychology was an early approach to psychology that studied how the mind actively organizes stimuli into meaningful wholes.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 8 Figure 1-1 Perception Strives Toward a Complete Form

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 9 Women and Culturally Diverse Pioneers Mary Whiton Calkins J. Henry Alston Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark George Sanchez John Garcia

© South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1Slide 10 LESSON 1.2 Contemporary Perspectives and Areas of Specialization OBJECTIVES Identify and describe the current perspectives in psychology. Identify and describe the areas of specialization in psychology.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 11 Contemporary Perspectives Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanistic psychology Cognitive psychology Psychobiology Sociocultural psychology

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 12 Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Psychoanalysis is an approach to psychology that studies how human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 13 Behaviorism John Watson (1878–1958) Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 14 Humanistic Psychology Carl Rogers (1902–1987) Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) Humanistic psychology is an approach to psychology that emphasizes people’s inborn desire for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices. Positive psychology is a relatively new approach to psychology that studies how people find mental health and happiness in their everyday living.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 15 Cognitive Psychology George A. Miller Ulric Neisser Cognitive psychology is an approach to psychology that studies how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 16 Psychobiology Psychobiology is an approach to psychology that studies how the brain and other areas of our biology influence behavior.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 17 Sociocultural Psychology Sociocultural psychology is an approach to psychology that studies how social surroundings and culture shape thinking and behavior. Individualism is a philosophy of life stressing that the individual is more important than the group. Collectivism is a philosophy of life stressing that group is more important than the individual.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 18 Table 1-1 Differences Between Collectivist and Individualist Cultures Collectivist CulturesIndividualist Cultures Identity is given by one’s group.Identity is achieved by one’s own striving. Individuals are socialized to be emotionally dependent on their social group, and conformity is valued. Individuals are socialized to be emotionally independent of their social group, and independence is valued. Personal and group goals are generally consistent; when inconsistent, group goals have priority. Personal and group goals are often inconsistent; when inconsistent, personal goals have priority. Trust is placed in group decisions. Trust is placed in individual decisions.

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 19 Area of Specialization in Psychology Research specialties Biopsychology Developmental psychology Experimental psychology Cognitive psychology Personality psychology Social psychology Applied specialties Clinical psychology Counseling psychology Industrial–organizational psychology Educational and school psychology

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 20 Figure 1-2 Doctoral Awarded in Psychology

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 21 Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 1. 1.Who was the world’s first psychologist? a. a.Wolfgang Köhler b. b.George Sanchez c. c.William James d. d.Wilhelm Wundt

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 22 Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 2. 2.Women and people of culturally diverse heritages were readily accepted in the field of psychology in its early days. a. a.True b. b.False

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 23 Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 3. 3.Which is an approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes? a. a.psychoanalysis b. b.humanistic psychology c. c.behaviorism d. d.cognitive psychology

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 24 Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 4. 4.Which attempts to understand behavior by studying how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences? a. a.psychoanalysis b. b.positive psychology c. c.cognitive psychology d. d.sociocultural psychology

Chapter 1 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 25 Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 5. 5.Behaviorism is closely associated with Sigmund Freud. a. a.True b. b.False