Chapter 16 The Cold War

The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict Soviet Expansion: · The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe.“iron curtain” Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946

Peep under the Iron curtain March 6, 1946

· By 1948, every Eastern European country was under communist control. American Response: · Truman Doctrine – statement of President Truman that promised military and economic support to nations threatened by communism. In 1947, the U.S. gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey in order to help them put down communist revolts.

Nuremberg, Germany, April 20, 1945 · Marshall, fearing that communist revolts could occur in such an atmosphere, proposed that the U.S. help to rebuild the European economy in what became known as the Marshall Plan.

* The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

Focus on Berlin After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Occupation zones after Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany. Soviet blockade: West Germany East Germany West Berlin East Berlin

· In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

· President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin. A huge airlift: · At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

· The Soviet zone of Germany, including East Berlin, became known as the nation of East Germany. Germany remains divided: · In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended the blockade. October, 1949

Keeping the Peace United Nations: · An international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations (UN), came into existence in 1945 with 51 original members.United Nations (UN) United Nations New York City, NY

· Member nations are a part of the General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly

The Security Council has 15 members-- five permanent members and 10 elected by the General Assembly for two- year terms. The permanent members are: China United States Russia France Great Britain

Flag of the United Nations

Opposing Alliances · In 1949, the U.S. formed an alliance with friendly European countries called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). · The members of NATO would defend each other against any Soviet aggression.

· In 1955, the Soviet Union formed its own military alliance called the Warsaw Pact. · The Warsaw Pact was made up of Eastern European countries dominated by Soviet control.

Emerging Nations: · After World War II the people of Africa and Asia began to demand their independence.

Emerging Nations: · After World War II the people of Africa and Asia began to demand their independence.

The results of the Chinese civil war and the Korean War

Growing Interest in China Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong People’s Republic of China: In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.

The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

Portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong, Tiananmen Square, Beijing Mao Zedong quotations: On Class Struggle “Our stand is that of the proletariat and of the masses.”

China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

Fighting in Korea: Korea was divided at the 38th parallel of latitude. North Korea was communist and supported by the Soviets, and South Korea was democratic and supported by the U.S.

In June of 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea.

The U.N. sent an international force to Korea in order to push the North Koreans out of South Korea. United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea, from communist invaders, September 1950.

LuxembourgLuxembourg - 7 NorwayNorway (noncombat role) South AfricaSouth Africa - 20 United StatesUnited States – 33,741 New ZealandNew Zealand - 31 PhilippinesPhilippines - 92 South KoreaSouth Korea – 137,899 SwedenSweden (noncombat role) ThailandThailand TurkeyTurkey United KingdomUnited Kingdom – 1,078 United NationsUnited Nations - 932,964 troops served NetherlandsNetherlands AustraliaAustralia BelgiumBelgium - 97 CanadaCanada ColombiaColombia DenmarkDenmark (noncombat role) EthiopiaEthiopia FranceFrance GreeceGreece IndiaIndia (noncombat role) ItalyItaly (noncombat role) United Nations Forces in Korea: (Nation – Number Killed in Action)

U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers. MacArthur at Inch'on landing

Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter …the North Koreans had pushed the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan…a "grim-faced and business-like" MacArthur visited Eighth Army commander Walton Walker. A witness said that MacArthur told Walker, "There will be no Dunkirk in this command. To retire to Pusan will be unacceptable." Gen. Walker gave the "stand or die" order, and over the next six weeks a desperate, bloody struggle ensued as the North Koreans threw everything they had at American and ROK (South Korean) forces in an effort to gain complete control over Korea.

With what is widely considered the crowning example of his military genius, MacArthur completely changed the course of the war overnight by ordering -- over nearly unanimous objections -- an amphibious invasion at the port of Inchon, near Seoul…The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North Korean supply lines. American and ROK forces broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating enemy north. On September 27, after Washington had consulted with its allies Inchon regarding war aims, MacArthur received permission to pursue the enemy into North Korea. ROK forces crossed the 38th parallel on October 1, opening a fateful new chapter in the conflict.

Approaching the Yalu The Chinese army, which had been massing north of the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North Korea, struck with considerable force. After suffering setbacks, the U.N. forces stabilized their lines by November 5, only to watch the Chinese withdraw northward as quickly as they had struck. MacArthur was now worried enough to press Washington for greater latitude in taking the fight into China. He nevertheless launched a great offensive toward the end of November, which he optimistically hoped would end the war in Korea and "get the boys home by Christmas." It proved a terrible miscalculation.

An Entirely New War MacArthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu had barely begun when the Chinese struck with awesome force on the night of November 25. Roughly 300,000 Chinese troops overwhelmed the U.N. forces. On November 28, a shaken MacArthur informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an entirely new war." MacArthur's men fought courageously and skillfully just to avoid annihilation, as they were pushed back down the peninsula. Seoul changed hands yet again on January 5. But under the able and energetic of General Matthew Ridgway, the U.N. retreat ended about 70 miles below Seoul.

Stalemate Beginning January 15, 1952, Gen. Ridgway led the U.N. in a slow advance northward. Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese and North Koreans, the U.N. re-recaptured Seoul (the fourth and final time it changed hands!) on March 15, and had patrols crossing the 38th parallel on March 31. A stalemate ensued, which lasting for another two years. Not until nearly two million more had died did the Korean War end, when an armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.

Ending the War: President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China. Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists. U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.

Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

In July of 1953, the Korean War ended, in which over 54,000 Americans died.

South Korean troops patrol along the DMZ.

The Red Scare of the 1950’s and beyond. Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953, "Back to Where it all Started"

· A dramatic fear of communism and communist spies spread across the nation. Hunting Communists at Home

· In 1949, the U.S. learned that the Soviet Union also possessed atomic weapons.

BELARUS. Maiski Nikolai Yanchen, one of 600,000 ‘liquidators’ conscripted to fight the fires and clean up the radioactive ash and contaminated villages. He lost his right leg to cancer. He can no longer work and lives alone in a small village in a contaminated area near the 30km ‘hot zone’.

BELARUS. Minsk Children’s Home No 1. This hospital receives many of the most deformed babies soon after birth. Nurse Alla Komarova hugs 3-year-old Yulya, whose brain is in a membrane in the back of his head.

“Radiation from that blast would later bring early death to many of us on the island at that time. Some of us are still dying of radiation from Bravo.” - Bob Markey, Sr., naval officer, stationed on the island of Kwajalein, 150 miles from Bikini Atoll. Castle Bravo H-Bomb shot at Bikini Attoll. Largest H-Bomb ever exploded.

- Americans, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were accused of stealing nuclear secrets for the Soviets. - The Rosenbergs were executed for their crimes in Example of American fears of Communism:

McCarthy’s reckless claims: · In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy announced that he had a list of 205 State Department employees that were members of the Communist party.

Communists at the State Department: - Hiss had lied under oath, denying that he was a part of a Soviet spy ring that sent U.S. government secrets to the Soviet Union. - State Department official Alger Hiss was imprisoned for perjury in 1950.

The Cold War:

The Cold War:

The Cold War in Africa and Asia Examples: - In Africa, the U.S. supported Somalia while the Soviets supported Ethiopia. · The United States and Soviet Union supported their allies worldwide, turning small conflicts into international wars. - In Asia, Pakistan became an ally of the U.S., while India accepted assistance from both the U.S. and the Soviets. Also, the U.S. supported democratic forces in Indochina while the Soviets supported the communists. - (Note: today, Indochina consists of the nations of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.)

Alliance for Progress – Latin American nations were urged to make urgent reforms in order to help the lives of their people in exchange for U.S. aid for schools, hospitals, farming, and sanitation services. "Here is inaugurated the first school of 22,000 to be constructed by the Colombian government within the Alliance for Progress with the assistance of the President of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy." Bogotá, Colombia (Dec. 17, 1961)

Peace Corps – American volunteers work as teachers, engineers, and technical advisers in developing nations for two years. This map shows in what countries the Peace Corps currently works in (orange) and what countries in which the Peace Corps is currently inactive (purple).

Organization of American States – the U.S. promoted economic progress in the Americas by investing in transportation and industry. Cuba is the only nation in the Americas that is not a member of the OAS.

The Arms Race In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite. Feeling that the U.S. was falling behind technologically to the Soviets, the U.S. created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which developed a space program to compete with the Soviets.

Nuclear warhead stockpiles of the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia, ,040 warheads, ,000 warheads, 1986 * USSR surpassed the USA in warheads (1978) Both sides developed enough weapons to easily destroy the other. In addition, the Soviet Union and the U.S. competed with each other in weapon development.