The Rise of Totalitarianism From Russia to the USSR The Russian Revolution: 909-911 Political and Economic Factors after WWI: 934-941 The Soviet Union: 983-990

I. Background to the Russian Revolution Reforms of Alexander II in the 1860s Emancipation of the serfs Local government reforms: zemstvos Judicial reforms to include equality and trial by jury Military Reform Repression of Poland Assassinated by People’s Will who wanted an end to the autocracy Alexander III in 1880s Revoked reforms of Alexander II Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism

Nicholas II Attempts at industrialization under Sergei Witte brought discontent (p.840) Growth of Socialist Revolutionary Party Defeat in Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday Jan 1905 Turning point when people no longer believed they could trust the tsar or the government October Manifesto – limited representative government through Duma (like a congress) Went through 3 Dumas in 2 years (tsar could dissolve)

Failures of Nicholas II Weak and incompetent leadership Military failures in World War I Massive casualties, widespread famine, strikes by workers etc. Feb/March Revolution Spontaneous strikes and worker demonstrations Army did not support the Tsar & refused to fire on the demonstrations March 15: Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, Provisional Government formed

Social Democratic Party Menshevik Marxists Bourgeois before revolution Failed: no control over army Bolsheviks Work against provisional government Germany snuck Lenin into Russia Cause trouble for Russia

Issues for the Provisional Government Russian offensive in the war failed in summer 1917 Discipline in the army had disintegrated Food shortages Peasant land issue Bolshevik undermining Lenin and the “Peace, Land, Bread” speeches Oct/Nov 1917 Bolshevik Revolution Armed assault on the provisional gov’t Led to Bolshevik victory and immediate withdrawal from the war Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Other reforms nationalization of land (given to peasants) seizure of church land for state banks for the state

Communists Maintained Power From 1917-1991 Most durable and extensive 20th century authoritarian government

II. Vladimir I. Lenin Marxist-Leninist philosophy Comintern Cheka War Communism Kronstradt Rebellion (1921) New Economic Policy (NEP) 1921-28

War Communism White Army (Allied support) vs. Red Army (Trotsky & the Bolsheviks) Red Army Wins Authoritarian Policies Secret police  Cheka Suppress opposition Non-democratic Government control Banks Heavy industry Transportation Food production Created domestic opposition “Peace, Land and Bread” fell apart

III. Struggle for Power vs. Why was there a struggle for power when Lenin died? What were the options? How did Stalin rise to power? Take 2 minutes to discuss this with a partner. vs.

Stalin versus Trotsky Lenin Trotsky’s Position Stalin’s rise NEP betrays Marxism Criticized Stalin and Trotsky Trotsky’s Position Industrialization (paid for by peasants) Revolutions elsewhere Party should be able to criticize gov’t Stalin’s rise Master of bureaucracy Nationalized socialist movement (don’t need others)

IV. Russia Under Stalin Five-year Plans Collectivization Revolution from above (1st Five Year Plan), 1928; marked end of NEP Objectives Impossible, high plans Decrease consumer goods Increase industrial output (steel, coal, oil, electricity) Collectivization liquidation of kulaks as a class Wealthy peasants  resisted collectivization 10 million dead due to collectivization (7 million in forced starvation in Ukraine)

V. Society under Stalin Structure of government Propaganda Religion Central Committee was the apex of Soviet power (about 70 people in 1930s) Politburo: About a dozen members; dominated discussions of policy and personnel General Secretary: highest position of power; created by Stalin Propaganda Religion Benefits for Workers Women under Stalin’s rule Great Terror, Show Trials & the Purges

Rise and Rule Chart Stalin Hitler Mussolini Method of obtaining power Maintaining power Economic policies Dealing w/ Opposition Use of media and propaganda Foreign policy Treatment of women Treatment of minorities