 Reform movements during Jacksonian era until the Civil War.  Period before the Civil War is known as the antebellum period.  Major reforms include free public schools, improved treatment for mentally ill, temperance movements, equality for women, and abolishing slavery.

The Second Great Awakening  Reaction to Rationalism (belief in human reasoning)  Preach in easy to understand sermon  Individual responsibility for salvation

 Revivalism in New York- Presbyterian minister: Charles G. Finney. Appealed to emotions instead of rational (damnation) -Saved through faith and hard work  Baptists and Methodists- Southern preachers would travel and preach outdoor revival sermons. By 1850, Baptist and Methodist = Largest Protestant denomination in the US.  Millennialism- William Miller predicted world was going to end and Jesus was coming back. Followers became known as Millerites or (Seventh-Day Adventists)

 Mormons- Church of Latter-Day Saints  Founded by Joseph Smith  Book of Mormon  Moved to Illinois but Smith was murdered.  Brigham Young took their group to Utah to flea persecution.

 Transcendentalists- Discovery of one’s inner self and looking for the essence of God in nature.  Challenged capitalism  Challenged Established churches

 Ralph Waldo Emerson -Spoke on making our own American culture -Argued for- Self-reliance, independent thinking, spiritual matters over material, opposed slavery.  Henry David Thoreau- Two- year experiment in the woods. Wrote the book Walden. -Essay “On Civil Disobedience” – Non-violent protest.

 Attempt to live out transcendentalism  George Ripley (Protestant minister)  Experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts.  Many writers came to the farm for artistic creativity and schooling

People bought into removal from society in order to reach utopia.  Shakers- Religious community, separated men and women, had trouble recruiting people to join.  New Harmony- Secular experiment in New Harmony Indiana. Robert Owen wanted to start a utopian socialist society. Experiment failed  Oneida community- John Humphrey Noyes -Started a community in Oneida, New York. -Pursued social and economic equality and shared land and even marriage partners. “Free love” -Redefined gender roles  Fourier Phalanxes- Charles Fourier- share living arrangements in a community known as Fourier Phalanxes. Died out.

Temperance gallons of hard liquor per person. -American Temperance Society- Morally wrong to drink. -Convinced most of society to abstain from liquor -Sales tax put on liquor -Germans and Irish protest the movement -Maine made the sale or manufacturing of liquor illegal.

 Mental Hospitals- Provide hospitals for mentally ill instead of jails.  Schools for blind and deaf persons- Benevolent Empire  Prisons- Replacing jails and lock-ups, tried to implement structure and discipline.

 Free common schools- Horace Mann led the charge for free public schools. Attendance requirement, Longer school year, and increased teacher preparation.  Moral Education- William McGuffey, led the push for instruction of principles and morality in schools.  Higher Education- Second Great Awakening pushed the growth of private higher education.

 Margaret Fuller- Redefined gender roles  Seneca Fall Convention (1848)- Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York.  Issued a document called “Declaration of Sentiments”  “Declared all men and women were created equal.”  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony led a campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women.

Gradual abolitionist & Radical abolitionist  American Colonization Society -Gradual abolition -Compensate slave owners for slaves -Transport freed slaves back to Africa. Didn’t work because of how fast the slave population increased. *ACS fails and antislavery movement almost ceases

 American Antislavery Society- William Lloyd Garrison- Published an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator  View slavery from the perspective of the black man not the white  Immediate abolition and no compensation for slave owners.

 Influenced by Garrison  Less radical and more focused on politics  James Birney ran for president in 1840 and championed abolition for slaves.

 How were free black viewed in the North???  Black abolitionists- Frederick Douglass spoke first hand on the brutality and degradation of slavery. Started an antislavery journal The North Star  Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, helped fugitive slaves escape to free territory in the North.  Violent abolitionism- David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet argued slaves should be able to rise up and revolt.

 Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin  Published into a book in  Preached the message of abolitionism  Attacked the emotions of the reader  Very popular in the north.

 Abolitionist first argued morality against slavery  Turned to the legal system  Amistad Case- Slave ship going to Cuba took over their ship and were caught by the U.S.  Supreme Court declared Africans free in 1841 and paid for them to go back to Africa.

 Serious Cholera breakouts  Doctors had few theories as to why!!!  Turn to phrenology- Shape of your skull was an indicator of your intelligence.

 Vaccines against small pox- Edward Jenner  Anesthetics- From a dentist William Morton  Oliver Wendell Holmes proposed that disease spread from person to person.  Ignaz Semmelweis concurred.