Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Cities: Contributing to and impacted by climate change Jennifer Lenhart EMA Promotions Team Coordinator

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Climate advocacy

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Recognition News media and public acceptance –Climate change is happening Role of mitigation –Infrastructure, policy and behaviour And Adaptation –Capacity-Building, Awareness and Incorporating Natural Services Where do cities fit in?

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Urbanisation: A global trend Globally: 50% urban –60 million/year 2030: 60% of global population –circa 3.8 billion –80% of the global urban population growth Megacities –2004: 19 cities with +10 million inhabitants –2015: 27 mega-cities (23 in developing countries)

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Role and Responsibility of Cities Economic growth and opportunity –Environmental Consequences 50% percent of global population –Estimated 50 – 80% of global GHGs Cities occupy < 5% of global landmass –Estimated 75% of energy consumption –Natural resources consumption –Waste Production –Emissions (transport of goods and people, buildings, industry) –Habitat fragmentation and land uptake –Loss of biodiversity Urban sprawl –Changing demographics –Houses built in periphery –Longer Travel times and transport emissions

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Urban Density vs CO 2 Emissions

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Role and responsibility of cities Cities do significantly influence climate change, but how does and will climate change impact cities?

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Sea level rise Coastal Erosion Heat and cold waves Droughts Intensive rains Global challenges, local impacts

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Tropical cyclones and coastal cities Extreme weather events

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Flooding and landslides Drought Extreme weather events

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Extreme weather Different cities will experience different impacts Most of the world’s urban population reside in ill- equipped cities –Half of the world’s population lives within 60 kilometres of the sea –3/4 of all large cities are located by the coast and will need to prepare

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Informal settlements UN-Habitat estimates 1 billion reside in slums and marginalized settlements –30 to 40% are located in areas prone to floods, landslides and other natural disasters – exacerbated by climate change Substandard housing and infrastructure –Poor drainage and waste management

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Cities: A platform to address CC Cites and climate change –Opportunity to reduce emissions and severity of impacts Mitigation strategies: –Local (alterative) energy –Investments in public and private infrastructure –Energy efficiency in buildings –Better transport –Urban planning and densification –Information campaigns

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Climate Adaptation Vulnerable cities – weak natural defenses –Slum upgrading –Clearing drainage systems –Reinforcing sea walls –Mangroves and natural defenses Adaptation strategies best applied at the local level –Inclusion of green belts in cities and water –Climate-adaptable infrastructure –Improve disaster preparedness and prevention at the local level

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Urban Responses to climate change ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection UN-Habitat CCCI Clinton Initiative (C40) World Mayors Council on Climate Change (WMCCC) City responses (example of Malmö)

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association The CCP

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association UN-Habitat’s Focus

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association UN-Habitat’s CCCI Promote active CC collaboration and policy dialogue Foster awareness, education and capacity building Establish new networks and support existing ones Localize national adaptation and mitigation plans Develop tools and implement pilot activities

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Example of Malmö, Sweden Incorporating mitigation and adaptation in the built environment Demonstration project –Energy –Green space –Urban Planning Additional activities

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Mitigation and adaptation Create lively urban dwelling in city –Compact urban planning –Transport planning: bikes and buses Energy: 100% renewable –Enhance energy efficiency, local supply Eco-cycle thinking –Minimize raw materials, source separation Biodiversity –Use of water, green space factor Social issues and vulnerability –Create jobs –Involve the public, media attention

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Västra Hamnen Bo01 24 hectares of land –1300 apartments completed –About 2000 inhabitants –Mixed development Transform industrial area –Reconnect city to harbour –Eco-alternatives

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Transport Mobility management information and persuasion Bicycle lanes given priority (20-25% of the population) Public transportation –2 bus lines, every 6 minutes to centre Motor vehicles traffic is restricted by planning measures – compact streets

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Pedestrians, bikes, buses and boating have priority

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Energy production Electricity –Wind (2 MW – 1000 homes) –Photovoltaics (minor production) Heat –Heat pump (aquifer utilising sea water) –Solar collectors Cooling –Heat pump and aquifer –Biogas (minor production)

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Energy: 100% locally-produced renewables

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Heating and cooling Wind turbine Solar collectors Photovoltaics cells Heat Recovery/ District Heating/Cooling Aquifer Heat Pump

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Urban Green Green space factor: 50% of the plot green –32 green points Green roofs, green walls, courtyard green Biodiversity in landscaping –Oak, Beech, Wetland Storm water in open channels and ponds

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Water and foliage… for biodiversity and people

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association

Water Visual contact with the water for residents and visitors Rainwater – enhancing biodiversity Open storm water –Falls on green roofs, flows into open channel, into collecting points –Circulated, flows into harbour –Used as an asset

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Reconnect Malmö to the sea: Parks, sea & green roofs…

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Eco-Cycle City Biological waste is separated –Food waste disposers –Biogas digester Underground tank –Vacuum collection vehicle Convenient collecting system for reuse of paper, glass, cardboard

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association

Solar City Malmö

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Lillgrund Windpark in Öresund 48 windmills produce 0,33 TWh of electricity Equivalent to power 60,000 Swedish homes

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Ekostaden Augustenborg Open stormwater system for rainwater Green roofs Incorporating green and blue in courtyards Solar panels Resident participation Improved collective transport –Car-sharing and local electric train Waste-recycling and composting

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association

The role of cities Learn together, but apply locally –Cities are like a puzzle, each piece is different –Each puzzle approached uniquely –Some are more challenging than others Persistency, cooperation, communication are essential to tackle climate change in cites –Incorporate the natural environment –Various stakeholders and social groups –Multi-disciplinary approaches are best… like Erasmus Mundus

Erasmus Mundus Students and Alumni Association Thank you and welcome to the Erasmus Mundus Climate Change Conference! Jennifer Lenhart