Latin I Review Cambridge Unit I Fall 2012 Magistra Chadwell

Basic Parts of Speech Noun*** ▫A person, place or thing (puella, canis, villa) Pronoun*** ▫Used in place of a noun (Remember that Latin doesn’t necessarily use pronouns) Adjective*** ▫A word used to describe a noun ▫Comparatives and Superlatives (faster, fastest) Verb*** ▫Words used to express action or state of being

Basic Parts of Speech Adverb*** ▫Describes a verb (lentē--slowly) Preposition ▫Introduces a phrase which gives more information about the sentence (in tablinō—in the study) Conjunction ▫Connecting words (et—and) Interjection ▫Used to express emotion (eheu!—alas!) ****indicates words that are inflected

Nouns Nouns are separated into declensions. A declension is a group of nouns that share the same endings. Nouns have case, number and gender ▫Case indicates the nouns function. ▫Number refers to singular or plural. ▫Gender often has no bearing on the noun. The dictionary entry of a noun gives you the nominative and genitive forms of the word, the gender and the meaning. (beginning w/ Unit 2)

Nouns (con’t) You haven’t learned genitive case yet, but that is the word you use to identify the declension and get the stem. Singular1 st 2 nd 3rd Nominative--a--us, -rNo set ending Dative--ae--o--i Accusative--am--um--em Plural1 st 2 nd 3rd Nominative--ae--I--es Dative--is --ibus Accusative--as--os--es

Nouns (con’t) Nominative Case—used for the subject and predicate ▫Mater est in tablino. ▫Coquus est iratus. Dative Case—used for the indirect object (to/for) and with intransitive verbs ▫Mater puellae librum dat. ▫Mihi placet. (mihi licet….?) Accusative—used for the direct object (some prepositions) ▫Mater puellae librum dat.

Verbs Verbs are broken down into conjugations based on their infinitive Verbs have 5 characteristics ▫Person (perspective of the subject) ▫Number (singular or plural) ▫Tense (time frame of the action) ▫Voice (later this year) ▫Mood (later this year) You’ve learned 3 of the 6 tenses (present, imperfect and perfect)

Verbs (con’t) Present tense is used for an action happening now. ▫Can be translated 3 different ways.  Laborat  works, is working, does work Imperfect tense is used for a repeated or incomplete past action ▫Can be translated several ways and recognized by –ba. ▫Laborabat  was working, used to work, began to work

Verbs (con’t) Perfect tense is used for a single, completed past action. ▫Has its own set of endings ▫Uses a different stem from present and imperfect (-v, -u, -x, -s, vowel change, long mark, extra syllable, sometimes no change) ▫Can be translate three different ways ▫Laboravit  worked, did work, has worked You did learn an important irregular verb (sum)

Miscellaneous Information Latin doesn’t use articles (a/an, the) Pronouns—ego, tu, nos, and vos IYou (s) Nomegotū Datmihitibi Accmētē WeYou (P) NomNōsVōs DatNōbīsVōbīs Accnōsvōs

Miscellaneous Information Question words ▫-ne (added to first word) ▫num (expects a no answer) ▫quid, quis, cur, ubi Comparative and Superlative adjectives ▫Laetus, laetior, laetissium  happy, happier, happiest ▫Pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimus  pretty, prettier, very pretty