Chapter 22 East Asia Under Challenge (1800-1914) World History Chapter 22 East Asia Under Challenge (1800-1914)

Section 1 Decline of the Qing Dynasty

Identify the Opium War. The British had been restricted in the amount of trade they could make with the Chinese In hopes of reversing this unfavorable balance of trade the British attempted to negotiate with the Chinese, when that failed they turned to trading opium [a highly addictive drug] The demand for opium soared, reversing the balance of trade; the Chinese attempted to outlaw the trade of opium, which resulted in a war with the British The British victory led to the opening of additional Chinese ports to British trade, limits on taxes, and the British acquisition of Hong Kong

Opium War

Define extraterritoriality. Living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws

Identify the Tai Ping Rebellion. The failure of the Chinese government to deal with internal economic problems led to a peasant revolt, led by Hong Xiuquan [a Christian convert who viewed himself as a younger brother of Jesus Christ] Hong was convinced that God had given him the mission of destroying the Qing dynasty; joined by crowds of peasants he proclaimed a new dynasty, the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace In the end, after more than 10 years, the rebellion would be put down after Europeans came to the aid of the Qing dynasty because of the destructiveness of the rebellion

Tai Ping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping Rebellion

Explain the Chinese “self-strengthening” movement. Movement was birthed by appeals of reform-minded officials to strengthen the weakened Qing dynasty The belief was China should adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions, factories should be built to produce modern weapons to increase China’s military strength This policy would govern Chinese foreign domestic policy of the next 25 years In the end the changes did not help the Qing stay in power. The European advance into China continued while the internal conditions continued to deteriorate

Define spheres of influence. An area in which a foreign power has been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges After the Tai Ping Rebellion, warlords in the provinces began to negotiate directly with foreign nations, in return for money these European nations would be granted exclusive rights to the land [Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan]

Explain the “One Hundred Days of Reform” in China. Massive reform movement launched by the emperor (Guang Xu), calling major political, administrative, and educational reforms in the hopes of modernizing China Conservatives opposed these reforms, the emperor’s aunt, with the aid of the imperial army, imprisoned the emperor and ended his reform efforts

Explain the Open Door Policy. The United States, as well as Great Britain, feared that the other European nations would overrun China if its government collapsed The United States issued this to ensure the equal access to Chinese markets for all nations and preserved the unity of the Chinese empire The Open Door Policy did not end the system of spheres of influence, however it did reduce restrictions on foreign imports imposed by the dominating power with each sphere The policy also helped to reduce imperialist hysteria over the Chinese market

Explain the Boxer Rebellion. The Boxers, a secret Chinese organization, were upset by the foreign takeover of Chinese lands; they also disliked Christians who seemed to threaten Chinese traditions (1900) the Boxers roamed the countryside and slaughtered missionaries, Chinese Christians, and even foreign businessmen An allied force of Western powers put down the rebellion and restored order in China in return for greater concessions from China; the Chinese government was weaker than ever

Boxer Rebellion

Section 3 Rise of Modern Japan

Which foreign power was the first to successfully open Japan to foreign trade? The United States The president of the U.S. sent Matthew Perry and his naval fleet to open diplomatic relations with Japan These trips resulted in the opening of two ports in Japan for trade with the West [note: these concessions were made under military pressure]

Matthew Perry’s Great White Fleet

Explain the Meiji Restoration. Fearing the impact of the West on Japanese society, Japan sought to transform Japan into a modern industrial nation Created a modern political system based on the Western model Government funded the creation of new industry The government established a modern military that could compete with the West

Outline the imperialistic actions of Japan. Japan would force open the ports of Korea to Japanese trade Japan would become an economic presence in northern China [Manchuria] Japan would defeat Russian forces to gain control of the southern half of Sakhalin Island