Socialization and the Individual Nature vs. Nurture, Agents of Socialization, and The Generation of Today Nature vs. Nurture, Agents of Socialization, and The Generation of Today

Common Final Essay Question 3 / In looking at the individual in society, discuss in detail the argument on each side of the nature vs. nurture debate. In doing so, identify specific studies, terms and people associated with each. Finally, identify which of the two you most associate with and why using specific examples from your own experiences in your lifetime.

Introduction to ___________ and the _________________ / The interactive and _____________ process by which people learn the _____________, ___________ and _________ appropriate to individuals members of a particular society / _______: your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society / The interactive and _____________ process by which people learn the _____________, ___________ and _________ appropriate to individuals members of a particular society / _______: your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society

Focus on Individual Personality / _____________________: the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that are characteristic of an individual / ______________________________ / The question is…..is personality most determined by Nature or Nurture? / ____________ vs. ____________ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / _____________________: the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that are characteristic of an individual / ______________________________ / The question is…..is personality most determined by Nature or Nurture? / ____________ vs. ____________ / ______________________________ ______________________________

_______________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / __________________________ / Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children / __________________________ / Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge / __________________________ / Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior patterns / Study from early 1900’s identifies more than 10,000 human instincts (laughing, motherhood, etc.) / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / __________________________ / Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children / __________________________ / Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge / __________________________ / Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior patterns / Study from early 1900’s identifies more than 10,000 human instincts (laughing, motherhood, etc.)

Sociobiology / Systematic study of the biological basis of human behavior / Edward O. Wilson / Most of human social life is determined by biological factors / Rooted in human’s genetic code / Systematic study of the biological basis of human behavior / Edward O. Wilson / Most of human social life is determined by biological factors / Rooted in human’s genetic code

_______________________ / Unique cases where _____________ are _____________________ / Reunited found to be amazingly similar in personality / Support of ____________ argument / Unique cases where _____________ are _____________________ / Reunited found to be amazingly similar in personality / Support of ____________ argument

_______________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________ (____________) / ______________________________ / Birth order and siblings / Parental characteristics and upbringing / Age, education, religion, occupation / Cultural environment and conditions / Model personalities and values / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________ (____________) / ______________________________ / Birth order and siblings / Parental characteristics and upbringing / Age, education, religion, occupation / Cultural environment and conditions / Model personalities and values

Isolation in Childhood / ___________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / Isolation in childhood cases / ______________________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / “Wild Child of France” / Anna / Isabelle / Genie / ___________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / Isolation in childhood cases / ______________________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / “Wild Child of France” / Anna / Isabelle / Genie

_______________________ / ___________________________ _ / Imagine how we appear to others / Based on appearance, we perceive people make judgments / Based on perceived judgments, we develop self-feeling / ___________________________ _ / Imagine how we appear to others / Based on appearance, we perceive people make judgments / Based on perceived judgments, we develop self-feeling

Identity and the Individual / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________

_______________________ / ___________________________ _ / Basis of socialization process / Allows us to anticipate what others think of us / ___________________________ _ / Basis of socialization process / Allows us to anticipate what others think of us / ___________________________ _

3 Step Process of Role-Taking / ______________ Stage (0-3 years) / Imitation of Significant Others / ______________ Stage (3-6 years) / Play or act out roles of specific roles / Generalized others without understanding expectations / _____________ Stage (Over age 6) / Take on roles but also begin to understand expectations of others / ______________ Stage (0-3 years) / Imitation of Significant Others / ______________ Stage (3-6 years) / Play or act out roles of specific roles / Generalized others without understanding expectations / _____________ Stage (Over age 6) / Take on roles but also begin to understand expectations of others

“___” Self and “___” Self / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / “___” side is spontaneous, self- absorbed and self-interested / “___” side is socially conscious / Well-rounded person is balanced between both / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / “___” side is spontaneous, self- absorbed and self-interested / “___” side is socially conscious / Well-rounded person is balanced between both

_______________________ / ___________________________ _ / ______________________________ / Slant to audience / ______________________________ / We are the actors, our lives are the theatre / ______________________________ / Save image when self suffers / ___________________________ _ / ______________________________ / Slant to audience / ______________________________ / We are the actors, our lives are the theatre / ______________________________ / Save image when self suffers

_______________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _

Family / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / Both deliberate and unintended / Impact varies from family to family and society to society / ___________________________ _ / Those being “socialized” reverse the process / Children teach parents / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / Both deliberate and unintended / Impact varies from family to family and society to society / ___________________________ _ / Those being “socialized” reverse the process / Children teach parents

Definitions of Family / ________________________________ ________________________________ / ____________________________ / One or both parents and children / ______________________________ / Born into / ______________________________ / Create as parents / ________________________________ ________________________________ / ____________________________ / One or both parents and children / ______________________________ / Born into / ______________________________ / Create as parents

Further Family Relationships / ___________________________ _ / Consists of two or more generations / ___________________________ _ / Network of people related by marriage, birth, or adoption / _______________ Relatives (__) / ___________________________ _ / Consists of two or more generations / ___________________________ _ / Network of people related by marriage, birth, or adoption / _______________ Relatives (__)

Marriage / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / Not the married couple themselves / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / Not the married couple themselves

Forms of Marriage / Traditional definitions / Political and social debates / Marriage definition in Minnesota / Civil marriage between two persons, exemptions, and protections based on religious association provided (August 1, 2013) / ___________________________ _ / ___________________________________ ___________________________________ / ___________________________ _ / ___________________________________ ___________________________________ / More “accepted” idea today in U.S. / Traditional definitions / Political and social debates / Marriage definition in Minnesota / Civil marriage between two persons, exemptions, and protections based on religious association provided (August 1, 2013) / ___________________________ _ / ___________________________________ ___________________________________ / ___________________________ _ / ___________________________________ ___________________________________ / More “accepted” idea today in U.S.

___________________ / ________________________________ ________________________________ / ____________________ / Most common: one man and multiple wives / ____________________ / One woman and multiple husbands / ________________________________ ________________________________ / ____________________ / Most common: one man and multiple wives / ____________________ / One woman and multiple husbands

Mate Selection / ______________________ / Specifies the group that your mate must come from within / ______________________ / Mate must come from outside of a certain group / ______________________ / Specifies the group that your mate must come from within / ______________________ / Mate must come from outside of a certain group

Vocabulary Keys / ______: male side (husband) / ______: female side (wife) / ______: community or village of residence / ______: kinship or line of descent / ______: power and authority / ______: male side (husband) / ______: female side (wife) / ______: community or village of residence / ______: kinship or line of descent / ______: power and authority

Marriage Residential Patterns / __________________________ / Live near or with husband’s family / __________________________ / Live near or with wife’s family / __________________________ / Newly married couple selects which side to live with / __________________________ / Newly married couple selects residency with emphasis not given to either side / __________________________ / Live near or with husband’s family / __________________________ / Live near or with wife’s family / __________________________ / Newly married couple selects which side to live with / __________________________ / Newly married couple selects residency with emphasis not given to either side

Descent Patterns / __________________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on male’s side of family / Kinship through father’s side / __________________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on female’s side of family / Kinship through mother’s side / __________________________ / Equal emphasis to both sides with no preference shown / __________________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on male’s side of family / Kinship through father’s side / __________________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on female’s side of family / Kinship through mother’s side / __________________________ / Equal emphasis to both sides with no preference shown

Power and Authority Patterns / __________________________ / Father and males hold authority / __________________________ / Mother and females hold authority / __________________________ / Equal power and authority / __________________________ / Father and males hold authority / __________________________ / Mother and females hold authority / __________________________ / Equal power and authority

Marriage in America Today / Impact of change on American families / Traditional beliefs versus today / __________: marry within similar social characteristics / __________: marry people of different social characteristics / ___________________ / 1890: Women: 22.0 Males: 26.1 / 1960: Women: 20.3Males: 22.8 / 2000: Women: 25.1Males: 26.8 / 2009: Women: 26.5Males: 28.4 / Education, career, and cohabitation viewed as reasons / _____________________________________ / Time period between marriage and birth of first child / Average age of women giving birth / _____________________________________ / Impact of change on American families / Traditional beliefs versus today / __________: marry within similar social characteristics / __________: marry people of different social characteristics / ___________________ / 1890: Women: 22.0 Males: 26.1 / 1960: Women: 20.3Males: 22.8 / 2000: Women: 25.1Males: 26.8 / 2009: Women: 26.5Males: 28.4 / Education, career, and cohabitation viewed as reasons / _____________________________________ / Time period between marriage and birth of first child / Average age of women giving birth / _____________________________________

School / ______________________________ _ / Life in the larger society / Transmit culture, values, patriotism / ____________________________________ / Role models / Educators and older students / _________________________________ / ______________________________ _ / Required by law at least to certain point / Mandatory classes and standards / ______________________________ _______________________________ _ / ______________________________ _ / Life in the larger society / Transmit culture, values, patriotism / ____________________________________ / Role models / Educators and older students / _________________________________ / ______________________________ _ / Required by law at least to certain point / Mandatory classes and standards / ______________________________ _______________________________ _

______________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / Become most important agent through ______________________________ / Focus on _______________________ / Division of population within society / ______________________________ ______________________________ / _________________________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / Become most important agent through ______________________________ / Focus on _______________________ / Division of population within society / ______________________________ ______________________________ / _________________________________

Mass Media / Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact / Examples: books, films, Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television / Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact / Examples: books, films, Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television

Impact of Mass Media / ________________________________ / __% of American household have televisions / Average of 2.73 TV sets in the typical home and 2.55 people / Most children watch average of ____ hours per week / ____ hours per year in school compared to _____ hours of television / Consider additional time with other areas of Mass Media / _________-_________ acts of fictional violence by age 18 / Number has tripled in past 15 years / Connection between television violence and aggressive behavior / Image of society to white middle-class / ________________________________ / __% of American household have televisions / Average of 2.73 TV sets in the typical home and 2.55 people / Most children watch average of ____ hours per week / ____ hours per year in school compared to _____ hours of television / Consider additional time with other areas of Mass Media / _________-_________ acts of fictional violence by age 18 / Number has tripled in past 15 years / Connection between television violence and aggressive behavior / Image of society to white middle-class

Further Agents of Socialization / ________________________________ / _________________________________ / Rehearsal for future positions (Mentor Program, Work Experience, Elementary Mentoring) / ________________________________ / ___% of U.S. population claims membership to organized religion / ________________________________ / _________________________________ / Provide hospitals, treatment facilities, police / _________________________________ / Age requirements for certain areas of life / ________________________________ / _________________________________ / Isolated from society and subject to tight control / Remold into new individual / Military or Prisons / ________________________________ / _________________________________ / Rehearsal for future positions (Mentor Program, Work Experience, Elementary Mentoring) / ________________________________ / ___% of U.S. population claims membership to organized religion / ________________________________ / _________________________________ / Provide hospitals, treatment facilities, police / _________________________________ / Age requirements for certain areas of life / ________________________________ / _________________________________ / Isolated from society and subject to tight control / Remold into new individual / Military or Prisons

Challenges of Teenage Socialization / Sexual activity and diseases / Drug use and violence / Alcohol abuse and binge drinking / Highest rate of drug use among industrialized country / Suicide / Identified factors / ____________________________ / Sexual activity and diseases / Drug use and violence / Alcohol abuse and binge drinking / Highest rate of drug use among industrialized country / Suicide / Identified factors / ____________________________

Adult Socialization / _________________: Season’s of a Man’s Life / Life Structure divided into 3 Stages / ____________________________ / Ages / Leaving home / Full time employment / Marriage and/or childbirth / Development of “life dream” / Transition age of _____ / Divorce and job change / ____________________________ / Ages / Mid-life transition / 80% report period of severe crisis / “__________________” / Reflection on prior dreams / Stress from family / ____________________________ / Ages 60+ / Retirement, grandchildren, increased health concerns / Employment for “status” or “need” / _________________: Season’s of a Man’s Life / Life Structure divided into 3 Stages / ____________________________ / Ages / Leaving home / Full time employment / Marriage and/or childbirth / Development of “life dream” / Transition age of _____ / Divorce and job change / ____________________________ / Ages / Mid-life transition / 80% report period of severe crisis / “__________________” / Reflection on prior dreams / Stress from family / ____________________________ / Ages 60+ / Retirement, grandchildren, increased health concerns / Employment for “status” or “need”

Comparison to Adult Females / Levinson also studied women / Believed they were fairly similar / _____________________________________ / Focus on first stage dividing into 3 Stages / Different pressures put on women creates different pattern of adult socialization / Stage 1: ______________________________ / Major step of leaving home / Greater emphasis thought put on marriage instead of career / Stage 2: ______________________________ / Dual roles of career and child-raising / Job advancement becomes limited because of this / May cause break in employment / Stage 3: ______________________________ / Return to workforce with entry of children into school age / Same time as men may be going through difficult transition themselves / Competition with men at younger age upon re-entry / Levinson also studied women / Believed they were fairly similar / _____________________________________ / Focus on first stage dividing into 3 Stages / Different pressures put on women creates different pattern of adult socialization / Stage 1: ______________________________ / Major step of leaving home / Greater emphasis thought put on marriage instead of career / Stage 2: ______________________________ / Dual roles of career and child-raising / Job advancement becomes limited because of this / May cause break in employment / Stage 3: ______________________________ / Return to workforce with entry of children into school age / Same time as men may be going through difficult transition themselves / Competition with men at younger age upon re-entry