Plant and Animal Cell Structures Objective 2.0 Identify cell organelles & function. Cell theory & cell types—prokaryotic & eukaryotic

What is up with that karyotic word? “karyose” comes from a Greek word which means kernel, as in a kernel of grain In biology we use karyose to refer to the nucleus of a cell Pro means before Eu means true

Cell Types Thus prokaryotic literally means before a nucleus Those are cells that have NO organelles, not even a nucleus AND EUKARYOTIC means possessing a true nucleus Cells like yours that have organelles, which we will focus on in this objective

A side by side comparison of prokaryotes & eukaryotes

I. Outer Coverings A. Cell membrane—the gatekeeper 1. Who has these? All cells 2. What are its functions (its jobs) a. To keep the cytoplasm inside b. To allow nutrients in & wastes out c. To interact w/things outside the cell 3. What kind of molecules make it? phospholipids

Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Go to Section: Animal Cell Cell Membrane

B. Cell wall (found in plants & other eukaryotic cells & all prokaryotic cells) 1. Who has these? Plants/algae 2. What material composes them? Cellulose 3. What is its function? a. provides strength & support to the cell b. protects the cell membrane from tearing I. Outer coverings continued

Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Go to Section: Plant Cell Cell Membrane Cell Wall

II. Nucleus—the brain/control center A. It stores DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) B. Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus stores the materials that will be later used to make ribosomes in the cytoplasm; thus, it helps make ribosomes C. Ribosomes look like small bumps/circles 1. Where amino acids hook together to make proteins 2. Found in all cells (yes, both prokaryotic & eukaryotic)

Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Go to Section: Animal Cell Nucleus Nucleolus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes

III. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): the transportation system or roads of the cell A. Has 3 jobs/functions 1. Smooth ER makes lipids (fats); rough ER makes proteins, which is why it is covered in ribosomes & called ROUGH 2. Breaks down drugs & other damaging chemicals 3. Serves as the internal delivery system of the cell

IV. Mitochondria—the power house A. Bean shaped organelle w/folds called cristae that look like Ms or Ws B. Must have chemical food particles & oxygen to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) the energy molecule for all cellular activities

Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Go to Section: Animal Cell Nucleus Nucleolus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Mitochondria Nuclear membrane

V. Chloroplasts—the “money makers” A. Look like stacks of green coins B. What has these? Plants, algae, some bacteria (cyanobacteria) C. What fills them & makes them green? Chlorophyll D. They trap sunlight w/the chloroplasts to make food/energy (sugar) through a process called photosynthesis (photo = light, synthesis = make)

Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Go to Section: Plant Cell Cell Membrane Vacuole Chloroplasts

VI. Golgi Body or Golgi Complex—the shippers or UPS or FEDEX A. Located near the cell membrane & looks like a stack of pancakes B. What gets delivered here? Lipids & proteins from ER C. Packages, modifies, & transports materials to different locations inside/outside of the cell 1. Does this by surrounding the modified material w/a piece of the Golgi’s membrane 2. The membrane piece pinches/breaks off & surrounds the material

Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Go to Section: Animal Cell Nucleus Nucleolus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Golgi Complex Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

VII. Vacuoles—the storage tank, Ziploc bag A. Functions: 1. Stores water & other liquids 2. Supports the cell by pushing outward against cell membrane & cell wall if present—turgor pressure in plants This is what makes lettuce crisp When there is no water, the vacuole gives its water to the cell & thus can’t push out against the cell wall Stores colorful liquids give flowers their color Contractile vacuole squeezes excess water out of the cell

Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Go to Section: Plant Cell Cell Membrane Vacuole Chloroplasts

VIII. Lysosomes—clean up crew A. Circular, but bigger than ribosomes B. Destroy worn out or damaged organelles, break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use, destroy old cells C. Get rid of waste materials D. Protect the cell from foreign invaders E. Interesting note: you don’t have webbed fingers like a duck’s feet because lysosomes destroyed the tissue before we were born

Lysosome image in cytoplasm/cytosol