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Cell Structures, Functions and Transport
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Types of Cells Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
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Prokaryotic cells Simplest cells
No membranes around their nuclear material (DNA and RNA, genetic material) Prokaryotes include bacteria and some pond scum
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Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have membranes around their nuclear material Membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes include protists, fungi, plants, and animals (almost all organisms)
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2
Go to Section:
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cell Membrane
Section 7-2 Cell Membrane Go to Section:
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Cell membrane
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Cell Membrane Nickname: “The Gatekeeper” Function: forms outer boundary of the cell allows only certain materials to move into and out of the cell Parts: made up of a double layer of fats with some proteins scattered throughout
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Cell Membrane
Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Go to Section:
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Cell membrane Cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Cytoplasm Gel-like material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus Function: contains water, chemicals, and the various cell organelles Cytoplasm constantly moves or streams
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Go to Section:
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Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear envelope/membrane
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Nucleus Nickname: “The Control Center” Function: holds the DNA Parts: Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes Nuclear envelope/membrane: surrounds nucleus in eukaryotic cells, has pores to let material in and out of the nucleus
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Nucleus Parts: Chromatin: Strands of genetic material found in the nucleus, made of protein and DNA
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Mitochondria
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Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear envelope/membrane Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Mitochondria Nickname: “The Powerhouse” Function: Energy formation Breaks down food to make ATP ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear membrane Mitochondria Go to Section:
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Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear envelope/membrane Ribosomes Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Ribosomes Function: makes proteins Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Mitochondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Go to Section:
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Cell membrane Cytoplasm Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear envelope/membrane Ribosomes Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Nickname: “Roads” Function: The internal delivery system of the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 Types: Rough ER: Rough appearance because it has ribosomes on its surface Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it has ribosomes Smooth ER: NO ribosomes Function: makes fats or lipids
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Ribosomes Ribosomes Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear membrane Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Go to Section:
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Cell membrane Cytoplasm Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear envelope/membrane Ribosomes Golgi Body Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Golgi Complex (Golgi Body) Nickname: The shippers Function: packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell Appearance: stack of pancakes Structure: stack of membrane-covered sacs
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Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Mitochondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Go to Section:
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Cell membrane Cytoplasm Lysosome Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear envelope/membrane Ribosomes Golgi Body Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than ribosomes Nickname: “Clean-up Crews” Function: to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells
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Cell membrane Lysosome Cytoplasm Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear envelope/membrane Ribosomes Vacuole Golgi Body Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Vacuoles Function: Help store things Vacuoles in animal cells are usually small sacs
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Animal Cell Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus
Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Mitochondria Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Centrioles
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Cell membrane Centriole (only 1 is shown) Lysosome Cytoplasm Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear envelope/membrane Ribosomes Golgi Body Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Centrioles Function: Help with cell division Only found in animal cells Look like two small bundles of spaghetti arranged perpendicular to each other
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Now let’s talk about structures only found in PLANT Cells!!
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Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Cell Membrane
Section 7-2 Vacuole Cell Membrane Go to Section:
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Vacuoles Function: stores water This is what makes lettuce crisp When there is no water, the plant wilts Animal cells have vacuoles to provide temporary storage Vacuoles in animal cells are smaller than plant vacuoles
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Vacuole
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Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Chloroplasts
Section 7-2 Vacuole Chloroplasts Cell Membrane Go to Section:
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Vacuole Chloroplast
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Chloroplasts Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food for the plant cell Green in color because of chlorophyll, which is a green pigment
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Chloroplasts
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Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Chloroplasts
Section 7-2 Vacuole Chloroplasts Cell Membrane Cell Wall Go to Section:
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Cell wall
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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Cell Wall Function: provides support and protection to the cell membrane Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells
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Plant Cell Cytoplasm Vacuole Smooth ER Ribosomes Chloroplasts Rough ER
Cell Membrane Cell Wall Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Golgi Bodies Nucleus Mitochondria Rough ER
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Cytoplasm Cell wall Lysosome Cell membrane Vacuole Rough ER Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Nuclear envelope/membrane Ribosomes Chloroplast Golgi Bodies Mitochondria
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Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
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Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Lysosomes Vacuoles Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large vacuole Centrioles Small vacuole
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It’s a question of control.
Cell Transport It’s a question of control.
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Who’s in control? Cells get nutrients, etc. from environment
Release waste into same environment
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Moving along…or not! Selective permeability: property of a cell membrane which allows some materials to pass through while keeping others out.
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Diffusion Molecules move constantly
Move from crowded conditions to less crowded conditions Particles diffuse in liquids and in gases
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Diffusion cont’d Equilibrium: molecules of a substance are spread evenly throughout a space Molecules continue to move during equilibrium
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Osmosis—Diffusion of H2O
The diffusion of water through a cell membrane Most cells surrounded by water molecules and contain water molecules
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Osmosis Cont’d What happened to egg cells in lab?
If cells aren’t surrounded by pretty pure water, they’ll lose the water. No water molecules in corn syrup around eggs—so ….
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Water tended to move out of the cells and dilute the corn syrup
Cells became shriveled and yolks became firm
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Place eggs in pure water and the process is reversed
The eggs swell up and the yolks slosh around inside
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Moving on… Particle movement across cell membrane by diffusion is called passive transport because… Cell doesn’t use energy to move the materials
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Active transport: energy required to move large molecules through cell membrane
Need help of transport proteins
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Active transport is required to move substances from where there are small amounts to where there are large amounts
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Cell membrane Cell membrane is composed of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids with protein molecules scattered throughout Phospholipids make a bilayer with polar heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing in
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Cell membrane model
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Lipids
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