Imperialism

Imperialism Vocabulary Imperialism – direct or indirect control of one nation by another nation. Colony – direct control by the imperial nation Protectorate – protected by the imperial nation’s military Sphere of Influence – imperial power was the only one that could trade in the region Social Darwinism – idea that the stronger nations should survive while the weaker should be conquered. Sepoy – hired Indian soldier Berlin Conference – meeting of leaders from 14 European nations who divided the continent of Africa to control Boers – Dutch people living in South Africa

Imperialism Vocabulary Open Door Policy – proposed by the United States to allow any country to trade with China Meiji Restoration – name given to the modernization of Japan by the Emperor. Monroe Doctrine – President James Monroe issued a warning in 1823 warning Europeans not to build any new colonies in the Americas. Roosevelt Corollary – US is a police force in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas). Yellow journalism – greatly exaggerated newspaper stories which ultimately led to the War of 1898 (Spanish- American War) Great White Fleet – name given to the U.S. Naval fleet by President Theodore Roosevelt

Motives Needed markets to sell the goods made in their factories Needed the cheap raw materials for their factories Establish military posts Benefit smaller countries with European ideas Social Darwinism – idea of “survival of the fittest”; the strongest nations should survive while the weaker nations should be conquered

Pros Ended local warfare Set up schools, hospitals, farming, industry, and transportation. Encouraged human rights. Cons Others felt that the imperial country had a duty to spread their government, culture and religion. (Rudyard Kiplings “The White Man’s Burden”) Kept native people from moving upward in society. Imperial country thought themselves superior. Destroyed local businesses

European Nations in Asia England  Singapore (1819), New Zealand (mid-1800’s), Australia (1770), Burma, India (1600) – East India Company “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” France  Vietnam, Cambodia (1884): French Indo- China  Siam (Thailand): The only Southeast Asian country to remain independent

East India Company begins trading in India (1600), set up forts for protection. Steadily built a trading empire in India. Sepoys were hired Indian soldiers for the East India Company. Didn’t like the British, felt they were fighting against their own people and that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity. 1857, rumors that bullets were greased with cow and pig fat. (Muslims can’t touch pigs, Hindus believe animals are sacred). Rebellion began, was put down by the British military in Also known as the First War of Independence

British take control of India from the East India Company. Viceroy was sent to rule. India was called the “jewel of the crown” in the British Empire. To ease anger in India, the British built schools, universities, railroads, telegraph lines, paved roads, and irrigation canals. British told the Indians to grow cotton (for the factories instead of wheat)- leads to food shortages that kill millions.

The race for Africa began when Belgium claimed an area around the Congo. Other Europeans joined the race to claim Africa. The Berlin Conference of : 14 European nations met to decide how Africa was going to be divided. No African representation Divided the continent with no regard to ethnic or language boundaries. Africa is easily dominated because the Europeans have advanced weaponry, and the Africans are not working together.

Africa After the Berlin Conference

Africa (Northern Africa) (gold, diamonds, hides, palm oil, ivory, rubber) France: Algeria, Tunisia, part of Morocco Spain: part of Morocco England: Egypt Italy: Tripoli Free: Liberia and Ethiopia North Africa becomes important in World War II. This is where much of the early fighting in WW2 is centered!

Egypt and the Suez Canal Europe needs a faster route to trade with Asia French and Egyptians split the cost of the canal (52% vs 48%) Opened in 1869 Egyptians need money – sell their part to the British The British navy kicks out the French Britain makes Egypt a protectorate

British take Dutch port of Cape Town. The Dutch settlers (Boers or Afrikaners) moved inland onto Zulu land. Zulu King Shaka defeated the Boers in Zulu King Cetshwayo stood up to the British in 1879, fought for 6 months (Zulu War). British won, annexed in 1887.

China had been isolationist since the era of colonization. The British were determined to open trade with China, so they began to trade the drug opium. The Chinese government outlawed the sale of Opium and the British protested. There are two separate wars ( ), ( ). The Chinese lose. They are forced to trade with the British, and they lose the city of Hong Kong to the British.

China

China started secret societies to kick out Europeans (tired of Europeans trying to spread Christianity) The Society of the Harmonious Fists (Boxers) attacked foreigners in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan and U.S. sent troops to stop the rebellion.