Lenin and the Bolsheviks “There is no other man who is absorbed by the revolution 24 hours a day who has no other thoughts but the thought of revolution and who even when he sleeps dreams of nothing but the Revolution.” - Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov took the name Lenin when he became a revolutionary. - When he was 17 his brother was arrested and hanged for plotting to kill the czar. - As a young man he read the works of Karl Marx and spread these ideas to other workers. - Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov took the name Lenin when he became a revolutionary. - When he was 17 his brother was arrested and hanged for plotting to kill the czar. - As a young man he read the works of Karl Marx and spread these ideas to other workers.

Lenin : Time-Line life Span Studied Law in St. Petersburg Arrested for Revolutionary Activities; Exiled to Siberia Released; moved to Switzerland (17 years) What is to be Done?- Lenin claims that Revolution must be led by an elite group of professional Revolutionaries (Bolsheviks) formed Bolshevik Political Party Two Principles that guide Party Activity 1. Elite Party 2. Unite Workers and Peasants in Revolution

Russia was a backward land dominated by landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar. The people wanted a constitution and social change, but czar Nicholas II blocked all attempts to limit his authority. Long Term Unrest

Major Dates to Remember Czar Nicholas II Reign over Russia Russo-Japanese War; Japan Won Revolution breaks out in St. Petersburg after Bloody Sunday General Strike led by worker groups called Soviets October Manifesto; Czar promised to create a Constitutional Government Czar created the Duma; Then dissolved it later that same year Czar brought back the Duma; until A new Duma elected World War I Breaks out

January 1905, protests occurred in St. Petersburg. Troops opened fire on the protestors - Bloody Sunday Revolution Failed because: 1. The Army supported the Czar 2. Foreign Powers supported for the Czar 3. The protesters were not unified in their goals Troops opened fire on the protestors - Bloody Sunday Revolution Failed because: 1. The Army supported the Czar 2. Foreign Powers supported for the Czar 3. The protesters were not unified in their goals Revolution of 1905

Impact of WWI

- In a patriotic gesture, Nicholas II went to the front to take charge of the war.

Impact of WWI - Alexandra began to rely on the advice of Gregory Rasputin, an illiterate peasant and self- proclaimed “holy man”

Lenin Returns From Exile -In March 1917, Lenin was still in exile. -As Russia stumbled into Revolution, Germany helped Lenin return home. -Germany hoped for a Russian Civil War that would Force Russia out of WWI -In March 1917, Lenin was still in exile. -As Russia stumbled into Revolution, Germany helped Lenin return home. -Germany hoped for a Russian Civil War that would Force Russia out of WWI

Collapse of the Monarchy -REVOLUTION OF 1917: -Russian people launched demonstrations against the War, and the Economic and Social conditions in Russia -Military and Domestic failures produced massive casualties, widespread hunger, worker strikes and disorganization in the Army -March 15, Czar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate

A New View of Marx Analyze these two Pictures, Develop ideas for what messages the artists are trying to convey.

Return of MARXISM -Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions. -Lenin called for an elite group to lead the revolution and set up a “dictatorship of the proletariat”. - Lenin gave them the name Bolsheviks, meaning “majority” -Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions. -Lenin called for an elite group to lead the revolution and set up a “dictatorship of the proletariat”. - Lenin gave them the name Bolsheviks, meaning “majority”

The Bolshevik Takeover -Lenin consumed by furthering the revolution. -He was assisted by Marxist revolutionary, -Leon Trotsky. -They promised -“Peace, Land, and Bread” Leon Trotsky “Peace, Land and Bread” speech by Lenin 1) Peace: end the war, even if Russia lost territory –gained soldier support 2) Land: turn over all land to the peasants immediately 3) Bread: for months Petrograd had been without enough food -Lenin promised to restore food supplies to the cities. “Peace, Land and Bread” speech by Lenin 1) Peace: end the war, even if Russia lost territory –gained soldier support 2) Land: turn over all land to the peasants immediately 3) Bread: for months Petrograd had been without enough food -Lenin promised to restore food supplies to the cities.

The Bolshevik Takeover -November 1917, squads of Red Guards (armed factory workers) attacked the provisional government. -In just a matter of days Lenin’s forces overthrew a government that had lost support due to the decision to remain committed to WWI. -November 1917, squads of Red Guards (armed factory workers) attacked the provisional government. -In just a matter of days Lenin’s forces overthrew a government that had lost support due to the decision to remain committed to WWI. ST. PETERSBURG / PETROGRAD

The Bolsheviks in Charge - Workers were given control of the factories and mines. - They flew a new red flag with an entwined hammer and sickle. The single yellow star is both the representation of the life and immense energy of the sun, empty because within is the blood or production of workers struggle; and also the five points of the star symbolize the single unity and international representation of the government — each of the five points is representative of the five (up to then known/recognized) continents

The Bolsheviks in Charge What do the hammer and the sickle symbolize and why are they important to this new form of government?

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3rd March 1918) which pulled Russia out of the war and gave Germany control over vast stretches of western Russia,Treaty of Brest-Litovsk came as a shock to the Allies. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3rd March 1918) which pulled Russia out of the war and gave Germany control over vast stretches of western Russia,Treaty of Brest-Litovsk came as a shock to the Allies.

Opposing Forces

The Bolshevik Takeover - During the night of July 16, Nicholas, Alexandra, their children, their physician, and three servants were taken into the basement and executed at 2:33 A.M. on the morning of July 17, 1918 July 17 - During the night of July 16, Nicholas, Alexandra, their children, their physician, and three servants were taken into the basement and executed at 2:33 A.M. on the morning of July 17, 1918 July 17

War Communism - The revolutionary government took over industry, banks, transportation. – forced rural peasants to feed the city workers and Army- Peasants were drafted to military or Factory work-Bolsheviks used the need to fight the civil war to justify suppressing any opposition. - Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective fighting force. - He used former czarist officers under the close watch of commissars (communist officials taught party principles and ensured party loyalty) - Every 10 th man was shot if a unit performed poorly - The revolutionary government took over industry, banks, transportation. – forced rural peasants to feed the city workers and Army- Peasants were drafted to military or Factory work-Bolsheviks used the need to fight the civil war to justify suppressing any opposition. - Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective fighting force. - He used former czarist officers under the close watch of commissars (communist officials taught party principles and ensured party loyalty) - Every 10 th man was shot if a unit performed poorly

War Communism 1918 Bolshevik propaganda poster – Analyze the poster and discuss its meaning.

Opposing Forces - War Communism helped the Red Army defeat its enemies- By 1921 the Civil War is over

- The new government united much of the old Russian empire in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union in December 1922 Government: Both Democratic and Socialist- Constitution and Elections, but Army and Secret Police enforced the Party’s will Economy: New Economic Policy (NEP) Peace, Land and Bread was not enough- workers went on strike- peasant farmers resisted grain requisitions- Rebellions were violently crushed by the Red Army- Facing collapse in Lenin allowed some capitalist ventures- Gov. controlled large industries but small businesses reopened for private profit- peasants could sell surplus grain for profit- country side stabilized and industrial production increased- Russia was transformed into a land of small farms and private businesses

Death of Lenin - Lenin’s sudden death in 1924 set off a power struggle among communist leaders. Lenin’s Body – Enbalmed for the World To See

Death of Lenin January 21, The chief contenders were Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Before Lenin died he dictated this letter: Stalin is too rude and this defect, although quite tolerable in our midst and in dealing among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a Secretary-General. That is why I suggest that the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man in his stead who in all other respects differs from Comrade Stalin in having only one advantage, namely, that of being more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more considerate to the comrades, less capricious, etc. This circumstance may appear to be a negligible detail. But I think that from the standpoint of safeguards against a split and from the standpoint of what I wrote above about the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky it is not a [minor] detail, but it is a detail which can assume decisive importance. Lenin Taken down by L.F. January 4, 1923 Before Lenin died he dictated this letter: Stalin is too rude and this defect, although quite tolerable in our midst and in dealing among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a Secretary-General. That is why I suggest that the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man in his stead who in all other respects differs from Comrade Stalin in having only one advantage, namely, that of being more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more considerate to the comrades, less capricious, etc. This circumstance may appear to be a negligible detail. But I think that from the standpoint of safeguards against a split and from the standpoint of what I wrote above about the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky it is not a [minor] detail, but it is a detail which can assume decisive importance. Lenin Taken down by L.F. January 4, 1923

Joseph Djugashvili he took the name Stalin: means “Man of Steel”

Stalin Takes Over -In 1922 he became General Secretary of the party and used that position to build a loyal group of Communist officials who owed their jobs to him. -With their support he forced Trotsky out of the Party.

Agriculture -Return to “pure” communism -5 Year Plans: build up heavy industry, transportation, and farm output -Collectivization: Replaced private peasant farms with huge state run, state owned farms called Collectives. -Command Economy- Gov. owned all businesses and made all economic decisions -The Peasants tried to resist -Return to “pure” communism -5 Year Plans: build up heavy industry, transportation, and farm output -Collectivization: Replaced private peasant farms with huge state run, state owned farms called Collectives. -Command Economy- Gov. owned all businesses and made all economic decisions -The Peasants tried to resist

The collectivization campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The slogan reads: "We kolkhoz farmers are liquidating the kulaks as a class on the basis of complete collectivization."USSRkolkhozkulaks The collectivization campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The slogan reads: "We kolkhoz farmers are liquidating the kulaks as a class on the basis of complete collectivization."USSRkolkhozkulaks Agriculture - Stalin wanted to destroy the kulaks – wealthy peasants. - The government took their land and sent them to labor camps. - Thousands were killed or died from overwork. - Stalin wanted to destroy the kulaks – wealthy peasants. - The government took their land and sent them to labor camps. - Thousands were killed or died from overwork. The government responded with brutal force: “I am an old Bolshevik... I worked in the underground against the czar and I fought in the civil war. Did I do all that in order that I should now surround villages with machine guns and order my men to fire indiscriminately into crowds of peasants? Oh, no, no!” The government responded with brutal force: “I am an old Bolshevik... I worked in the underground against the czar and I fought in the civil war. Did I do all that in order that I should now surround villages with machine guns and order my men to fire indiscriminately into crowds of peasants? Oh, no, no!”

Agriculture

The Great Purge -Stalin had obsessive fears that rival party leaders were plotting against him. - In 1934 he launched the Great Purge. -Stalin had obsessive fears that rival party leaders were plotting against him. - In 1934 he launched the Great Purge. - Secret police files reveal that at least 4 million people were purged during the Stalin years.

Totalitarian Control

- Headlines in the communist party newspaper, Pravda, or Truth, controlled all information

-In accordance with the ideas of Marx, atheism or the belief that there is no god became an official state policy. - -The communist party seized religious property and converted churches into offices and museums. - Many priests and other religious leaders were killed or died in prison camps. -In accordance with the ideas of Marx, atheism or the belief that there is no god became an official state policy. - -The communist party seized religious property and converted churches into offices and museums. - Many priests and other religious leaders were killed or died in prison camps. What about Religion?

The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 Prohibited the use of WAR as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense

Disarmament Policies Almost every independent nation signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, promising to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy”

Disarmament Policies Washington Naval Conference Intended to reduce the naval race between the U.S., Japan, and Great Britain- Resolve disputes in the Pacific

The Treaties of the Washington Naval Conference

Great Britain : Post WWI -Huge War Debt -High Taxes -Coal Shortages -Loss of World Markets to the U.S and Japan -Run down, Worn out Factories -High Tariffs -Labor Troubles (strikes) -Irish Rebellion

there was a general strike – strike by workers in many different industries at the same time - lasted nine days and involved 3 million workers. Brits in Depression

Alsace-Lorraine -The French economy recovered rapidly, thanks to German reparations and territories gained from Germany (Alsace and Lorraine)

The Maginot Line France’s chief concern after the war was securing its borders against Germany.

The Maginot Line

- To prevent a third invasion, France built massive fortifications along the border.

-T-The Maginot Line offered a False sense of security - The line did little to help when Germany invaded again in 1940.

Student Stand- Up Activity Stand up quietly if you can interpret the political cartoon. If you cannot, another student will quietly explain it to you. Stand up when you get it. The teacher will call on a student to interpret the cartoon…be sure you can do it!

The Palmer Raids

Sacco and Vanzetti

Impact of war Impact of National Origins Acts

Warren G. Harding “Return to Normalcy” Return to the policy of isolation Forget about spreading Democracy and world peace Forget about progressive goals of fixing the ills of society. Concentrate on ones’ own individual problems. People wanted to be left alone.

Dawes Plan 1924 Historical note: the Young Plan lowered German payments in 1930

Out of Isolation? The Washington Conference (1921) Dawes Plan (1924) The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

- The 1920s – aka. The Roaring 20s. A time of celebration, extreme prosperity, automobiles, artistic growth, etc. The Roaring 20’s Women – got the right to vote (19 th ) and some became– Flappers

“A cigar stock at the time was selling for $115 a share. The market collapsed. I got a call from the company president. Could I loan him $200 million? I refused, because at the time I had to protect my own fences, including those of my closest friends. His $115 stock dropped to $2 and he jumped out of the window of his Wall Street office….On wall street the people walked around like zombies…You saw people who yesterday rode around in Cadillacs lucky now to have carfare. One of my friends said to me, ‘if things keep on as they are we’ll all have to go begging’ I asked, ‘who from?”

- The effects of the stock market crash of 1929 were swift and severe.

The Great Depression

- The Great Depression lasted in America from 1929 until America’s entrance into WWII in 1941.

-Millions faced unemployment as 25% of the country was unemployed. - In 1932 the nation elected Franklin D. Roosevelt to lead them out of the depression. -He promised to give Americans – A NEW DEAL The Great Depression

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

The Great Depression

Rise of Mussolini Benito Mussolini – - Came from lower class a powerful speaker a demagogue- (a leader who plays to popular fears and hatred) he appealed to Italy’s wounded pride, fear of eco. collapse, & fear of Communism He blamed Italy’s problems on COMMUNISTS

Rise of Mussolini - In 1919 he organized veterans and other discontented Italians into the Fascist Party. - To fascists, the individual was unimportant except as a member of the state. - Men, women, and children were bombarded with slogans glorifying the state and Mussolini. - To fascists, the individual was unimportant except as a member of the state. - Men, women, and children were bombarded with slogans glorifying the state and Mussolini.

Rise of Mussolini -He organized his supporters into black shirted “combat squads” -“Black Shirts” broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftist presses, and attacked farmer’s cooperatives.

Rise of Mussolini -In 1922 the Fascists held a “March on Rome” in which thousands of Fascists swarmed into the capital. - Fearing Civil War King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a government as prime minister.

Mussolini’s Italy -By 1925 Mussolini had assumed even more power and taken the title Il Duce (The Leader) - He suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with Fascists supporters.

Rise of Mussolini - Mussolini brought the economy under state control- corporate state- 22 corporations- built highways and drained swamps to create farmland

Mussolini’s Italy

-Shaping the young was a major Fascist goal. - They worked hard to toughen children and teach them strict military discipline.

So What is Fascism Anyway? So What is Fascism Anyway? - Extreme NATIONALISM - Glorify war, violence, discipline, and blind loyalty to the state. -Fascists were anti-democratic. -Ex: one party, limited personal freedoms, no strikes, secret police, no trial by jury -- the citizen was to serve the state. -pursued aggressive foreign expansion. -sworn enemies of socialists and communists. -They look back to a greater time in their history

HOW ARE FASCISM AND COMMUNISM DIFFERENT? Communism is based on a socialist economy and seeks international revolution. It appeals to workers and promises a classless society Fascism is nationalistic, appeals to the middle class, preserves social classes, and defends private property Both violently oppose each other Communism is based on a socialist economy and seeks international revolution. It appeals to workers and promises a classless society Fascism is nationalistic, appeals to the middle class, preserves social classes, and defends private property Both violently oppose each other

1) single party dictatorship 2) state control of the economy 3) Use of youth programs and propaganda 4) Secret Police and Spies 5) strict censorship 6) Blind obedience to a single leader Totalitarians

Germans of all classes blamed the Weimar Republic for the hated Versailles Treaty. The Weimar Republic - After WWI (1919) German leaders drafted a constitution in the city of Weimar. - Germany created a democratic government known as the Weimar Republic. - After WWI (1919) German leaders drafted a constitution in the city of Weimar. - Germany created a democratic government known as the Weimar Republic. May the hand wither that signs this treaty. Frederick Scheidemann, the German Chancellor (June 1919) then he resigned rather than agree to the Treaty May the hand wither that signs this treaty. Frederick Scheidemann, the German Chancellor (June 1919) then he resigned rather than agree to the Treaty

Inflation Hits Hard What is Inflation?

Recovery then Collapse REVIEW – DAWES PLAN to lower German reparations so Germany could make the payments (this lasted until 1929) THEN… CRAS H

The Rise of Adolf Hitler Born in Austria in 1889 Never completed his secondary education At 18 he went to Vienna to become an Artist, but failed the examinations for enrollment in the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts Born in Austria in 1889 Never completed his secondary education At 18 he went to Vienna to become an Artist, but failed the examinations for enrollment in the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts

Adolf Hitler - In Vienna he claimed to ‘absorb’ the hatred of the Jews and Socialists’ -When WWI started he enlisted. Rank: Corporal twice awarded the Iron Cross for Bravery. - In Vienna he claimed to ‘absorb’ the hatred of the Jews and Socialists’ -When WWI started he enlisted. Rank: Corporal twice awarded the Iron Cross for Bravery.

Adolf Hitler -National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) -The socialism that Hitler has in mind is not state ownership of the means of production, but the subordination of all economic enterprise to the welfare of the nation -National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) -The socialism that Hitler has in mind is not state ownership of the means of production, but the subordination of all economic enterprise to the welfare of the nation - He hated the Versailles Treaty & the Weimer Republic - He blamed Jews for manipulating Germany’s finances and ruining their economy -in 1920 Hitler became leader of the Nazi Party - He hated the Versailles Treaty & the Weimer Republic - He blamed Jews for manipulating Germany’s finances and ruining their economy -in 1920 Hitler became leader of the Nazi Party

- He began to preach about a ‘master race’ (Aryans). Practiced racist and political violence- hatred of the JEWS -the party soon attracted 10s of 1000s - He began to preach about a ‘master race’ (Aryans). Practiced racist and political violence- hatred of the JEWS -the party soon attracted 10s of 1000s - Storm Troopers: paramilitary group- Brown shirted Uniform- provided food, uniforms, and wages- Chief Nazi instrument of terror and intimidation

Adolf Hitler

he burst into a beer hall in Munich and attempted to start a revolutionary takeover of Germany. - Hitler was arrested & sentenced to 5 yrs. in Prison, but only served 9 months – - In Prison, he wrote the first vol. of MEIN KAMPF or “My Struggle” – Hitler’s obsessions and goals for Germany

-Germany feared a civil war- Conservatives wanted to draw in the Nazis without giving control to Hitler -With this extra support he was elected Chancellor in 1933 through legal democratic means. Adolf Hitler

1934, Hitler won the support of the German Army and overthrew the Weimar Republic- suspended civil rights – eliminated all other political parties- purged the Nazi Party- Takes the title “Der Fuhrer” (The Leader) Adolf Hitler

He appealed to nationalism by recalling past glories. Reich = Empire First Reich = Holy Roman Empire Second Reich = Germany created by Bismarck Third Reich = Hitler’s Germany in which the German master race would dominate Europe for 1,000 years

Adolf Hitler Nazis controlled all areas of German life from government to religion to education.

Adolph Hitler Protection Squadron Schutzstaffel SS insignia SS flag Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler inspects the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler on arrival at Klagenfurt in April Heinrich Himmler is standing slightly behind Hitler's right side.Leibstandarte SS Adolf HitlerKlagenfurtHeinrich Himmler

The Gestapo - His secret police, the Gestapo, rooted out opposition.

Adolf Hitler - Most Germans did not worry about this repression because they were excited by Hitler’s achievements and the end of unemployment.

Adolf Hitler

Hitler Greets an Autobahn Worker -To combat the Great Depression he launched huge works programs – like the U.S. -Building the autobahn (highways). - Rearmed Germany – demand for military hardware stimulated business and helped eliminate unemployment. Adolf Hitler

- Nazis indoctrinated young people with their ideology. - In camps and other settings, the Hitler Youth pledged absolute loyalty to Germany and undertook physical fitness programs to prepare for war.

Hitler Youth

Adolf Hitler

-Nazis sought to purge or purify German culture- Despised Christianity- State controlled Religion -At public bonfires Nazis burned books of which they disapproved.

Adolf Hitler - Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany. -in 1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe restrictions on Jews. -- Many German Jews, such as Einstein, fled to other countries

Kristallnacht - Kristallnacht, or the “night of broken glass” - Nazis smashed windows, looted shops, and burned synagogues.

Adolf Hitler

A New Emperor -In 1926 Hirohito became emperor of Japan. - According to Japanese tradition he was a living god and the nation’s supreme authority.

Nationalists Gain Strength - Economic disaster fed the discontent of the leading military officials and extreme nationalists or ultranationalists.

- An empire in Asia would provide much needed raw materials as well as an outlet for Japan’s rapidly growing population. Nationalists Gain Strength

-I-In 1931 Japanese army blew up tracks on a Japanese railroad line in Manchuria. -T-The Japanese military then conquered all of Manchuria and set up a puppet state

Wasn’t there an Organization created to stop this type of aggression? Where are they?

- When the League of Nations condemned the actions, Japan simply withdrew from the League. Japan Ignores the League

Military Takes Over -Civilian government survived but by 1937 it was forced to accept military domination. - By 1941, an even more militaristic government, under Premier Tojo, ended most democratic freedoms, revived ancient warrior values, and built a cult around the emperor – Relations with the U.S. began to decline Hideki Tojo

Nationalists Gain Strength

Dependence of Japanese Economy on Foreign Import Other Than Oil in 1941 Steel industry raw materials 88% Zinc50% Tin80% Cotton100% Wool99% Rubber100% Japan's Dependence on Oil Import in 1940 Country FromAmountPercentage United States btw 3, ,366 kt 80 Dutch East India (Indonesia) btw kt 13

1937 the Japanese attacked China again. Between December 1937 and March 1938 at least 369,366 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were slaughtered by the invading troops. An estimated 80,000 women and girls were raped; many of them were then murdered. The Rape of Nanking

- As airplanes bombed Chinese cities Japanese troops overran eastern China.

Totalitarians Totalitarian leaders, fueled by desires for world domination, will send the world spiraling into a new era of warfare