Developing U.S. Foreign Policy Dollar Diplomacy Moral Diplomacy Good Neighbor Policy

The U.S. Becomes a World Power O From (Progressive Era) the U.S. developed a new, aggressive foreign policy under T. Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson O Their policies differed, but all revealed a desire to increase American wealth, military power, & stature in the world, especially in Latin America “Big Stick Diplomacy” “Dollar Diplomacy” “Moral Diplomacy”

American Foreign Acquisitions, 1917

Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”

TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” O Roosevelt hoped to expand upon America’s new, world stature after the Spanish-American War: O TR believed in the superiority of American Protestant culture & hoped to spread these values O To increase American economic & political stature in the world, the U.S. needed to be militarily strong & ready to fight if needed TR & Sec of State Elihu Root applied “big stick” diplomacy most effectively in Latin America “Speak softly & carry a big stick, you will go far” —TR’s favorite African proverb

TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” O TR’s top foreign policy objective was to build the Panama Canal & he used his “big stick” to get it: O When the Colombians rejected an offer to lease land in Panama to build a canal, TR supported a revolt for Panama independence O In 1903, Panama (with the U.S. navy) became a nation & signed a lease agreement for a canal A Panama Canal would facilitate world trade & allow the U.S. quickly merge its Atlantic & Pacific naval fleets in an emergency The U.S. paid $10 million for the canal & leased it for $250,000 per year (until Dec 31, 1999 thanks to Prez Carter) The Spanish-American War revealed a flaw in the U.S. navy…it took too long to get its Pacific fleet to the Atlantic

The Panama Canal was an engineering marvel, but one of the most important reasons for its completion was the scientific elimination of malaria-causing mosquitoes When opened in 1914, the canal gave the USA a huge economic advantage in the Western Hemisphere “The inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to require us to police the surrounding premises” —Sec of State, Elihu Root

The Roosevelt Corollary ■ One of TR’s greatest concerns was the intervention of European nations in Latin America: – In 1903, Germany & England threatened to invade Venezuela to recoup unpaid debts Roosevelt Corollaryto the Monroe Doctrine – TR issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 claiming special “police powers” in the Western Hemisphere TR warned European nations to stay out AND warned Latin American nations to be more responsible OR the U.S. would intervene

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Lodge Corollary Additionally, the Lodge Corollary in 1912 refused to allow foreign companies to buy ports or establish military sites in Latin America

The Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify American armed intervention in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, & Mexico Attempts to maintain order in Latin America led to pro-American regimes that relied on dictatorial rule over its citizens

Big Stick Diplomacy O Foreign policy under TR extended to Asia as well as Latin America: O TR negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 from Portsmouth, NH O Gentlemen’s Agreement in 1907 limited Japanese immigration O The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 protected America’s Open Door Policy in China

“Constable of the World ”

Neocolonialism O Neocolonialism ( ) is an informal “colonization” in which Latin American countries, though independent, experienced occasional military intervention and overpowering economic and cultural influence from Great Britain, France, and the U.S. Paternalism

Discussion O To what extent are neocolonialism and imperialism related?

William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy ■ President Taft took over after TR & continued an aggressive foreign policy, called “Dollar Diplomacy” – Use U.S. wealth rather than military strength in foreign policy – In Latin America, U.S. banks assumed debts to Europe – Taft’s attempts to build railroads in China alienated Japan & ended the Open Door Policy

Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

Moral Diplomacy ■ Wilson was well-versed in domestic policy before becoming president, but not foreign policy Moral Diplomacy ■ He believed that Moral Diplomacy could bring peace & democracy to the world without militarism & war ■ Wilson talked of “human rights” in Latin America, but defended the Monroe Doctrine & intervened more than Roosevelt or Taft “It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs” —Wilson in 1912 Wilson appointed pacifist William Jennings Bryan as his Secretary of State Wilson apologized to Colombia for U.S. support of the Panamanian revolt To which TR replied: “I didn’t steal the Panama Canal…I built it”

Moral Diplomacy in Mexico In 1913, Mexican president Madero was overthrown by dictator Victoriano Huerta Wilson refused to recognize Huerta & demanded that he step down so legitimate elections could be held for a new president When Huerta refused, Wilson used minor incidents (arrest of some U.S. sailors in Tampico) to send the military to occupy Veracruz which forced Huerta to flee to Europe Mexican rebel Pancho Villa tried to provoke war with the U.S. by raiding across the border for supporting his rival Carranza Wilson responded by sending the military to find Villa (who were unable to do so) Moral diplomacy seemed to fail as war with Mexico seemed eminent but the WWI forced Americans to change their focus to Europe

Discussion O Describe the evolution of U.S.-Latin American policy from the Theodore Roosevelt to Franklin Roosevelt.

Conclusions O After the Spanish-American War, the USA assumed an aggressive foreign policy: O In order to maintain order, forestall foreign intervention, & protect U.S. economic interests O By the outbreak of WWI, the USA had seen its foreign policy evolve from strict neutrality, to imperialist, to police officer Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) & Farewell Address (1796) Annexation of Alaska, Hawaii, & Philippines; Open Door policy in China “Big Stick,” “Dollar,” & “Moral” diplomacies

Hoover’s Good Neighbor Policy O Policy term coined by President Herbert Hoover on a goodwill trip to Latin America soon after his election in In Honduras, he announced O "We have a desire to maintain not only the cordial relations of governments with each other, but also the relations of good neighbors." O The intention was to mend relations with Latin American countries after they criticized The Coolidge Administration during the Sixth Pan- American Conference in Havana in 1928 for armed interventions in Haiti and Nicaragua. U.S. relations with Latin America were at an all-time low.

The Clark Memorandum O The Clark Memorandum of the Monroe Doctrine was announced 1930 by Hoover (originally drafted in 1928) O Rejects the notion that the Roosevelt Corollary is part of the Monroe Doctrine O Asserts that the U.S. has an interest in Latin America for the purpose of self-preservation O Asserted the primary purpose of the Doctrine was to protect Latin American nations from intervention by European powers, not to victimize or oppress Latin American nations O The Clark Memo was the foundation of Hoover’s Good Neighbor Policy

Discussion O Based on the information, what does the illustration represent?

FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy O In President Franklin Roosevelt's inaugural address, he also promised to improve relations with Latin America by stating: O "In the field of world policy, I dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor — the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others." O FDR’s Sec. of State, Cordell Hull O Sought to ensure non-hostile neighbors south of the border and O secure Latin American cooperation in the war effort by maintaining the flow of petroleum & raw materials.

FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy O Under Hulls stewardship: O Low tariffs improved the economies of the Latin American countries that had been hurt by the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930, especially for Cuban sugar. O Hull convened the Seventh Montevideo-Pan-American Conference in 1933 in Uruguay, where he committed to a policy of non-intervention into the affairs of Latin American countries. As evidence of his commitment, U.S. Marines were removed from Haiti in 1934 and Congress signed a treaty with Cuba nullifying the Platt Amendment

FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy O Under Hulls stewardship: O Conference for the Maintenance of Peace in Buenos Aires in 1936, the American nations agreed to mutual consultation on security threats to any of the nations within the hemisphere. O Eighth Pan-American Conference, held in Lima, Hull managed to obtain a resolution reasserting a united front against possible Axis aggression. O Panama Canal Treaty re-negotiated in O The U.S. restrained from intervening when Mexico expropriated foreign oil companies in 1938, an amicable settlement was arranged.

FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy O Post War: O Great strides had been made to improve relations with Latin America during WW II so that after the war's end, the U.S. was able to persuade Latin American countries to join the Organization of American States (OAS), a regional organization under the United Nations (largely controlled by the U.S.) O The Good Neighbor Policy and the Pan-American "war propaganda" were further abandoned when the United States ignored free trade overtures and viewed Latin America merely as a supplier of raw materials and tropical foodstuffs.