1. U.S. Foreign Policy Over Time

2. American Imperialism

3. U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII 1820-1890: Americans moved in – missionaries & fruit plantation owners 1891: Queen Liliuokalani came to power / tried to reduce US power in Hawaii 1893: Americans overthrew her 1898: Hawaii annexed by US

4. U.S. Imperialism: CHINA By 1890s: Euro powers carved China into “spheres of influence” Got exclusive trade rights to Chinese ports 1899: US declared “Open Door Policy” to allow free trade by any nation in any port

5. U.S. Imperialism: CUBA 1895: Cuba dec independence from Spain To defeat revolution, Spain used brutal tactics (1 st concentration camps / starvation) US newspapers sensationalized events in Cuba (“yellow journalism”) 1898: USS Maine sent – protect US interests in Cuba Mysteriously exploded, US declared war “Remember the Maine; to hell with Spain”

6. Spanish-American War fought to liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish control; War lasted only 113 days Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

7. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

8. U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico still a U.S. territory

9. U.S. Imperialism: PHILIPPINES 1898: Philippines annexed by US / not given independence Filipino-American War began Filipino-American War lasted 3 years Cost more $ & US lives than Span-Am War

10. U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC T Roosevelt – “Big Stick Diplomacy”: Active foreign policy w/a strong navy to accomplish goals Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: US has “police powers” to protect Latin America from European imperialism

11. U.S. Imperialism: PANAMA TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” for Panama Canal: Encouraged Panama to rebel from Colombia

13. U.S. Imperialism: MEXICO US intervened in Mexican affairs when Huerta overthrew Diaz & again when Carranza overthrew Huerta Mexico & US almost went to war when Mexican rebel Pancho Villa killed 33 Americans

14. US Becomes a World Power ■Turn of century: US became world power: –US asserted dominance in Span-Am War –US built 3 rd largest navy in the world –Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands –Asserted economic control over almost all of Latin America

15. US Becomes a World Power ■1900 - 20 (Progressive Era): –Developed aggressive foreign policy under Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson ■Policies all worked for: –  US wealth –  military power –  prestige, esp in Latin America “Big Stick Diplomacy” “Dollar Diplomacy” “Moral Diplomacy”

16. American Foreign Acquisitions, 1917

17. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”

18. TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” ■TR hoped to expand upon US’s world stature after Span-Am War: –Believed US Protestant culture superior / hoped to spread values –To  US econ & pol stature in world: US needs military strength & readiness TR & Sec of State Elihu Root applied “big stick” diplomacy most effectively in Latin America “Speak softly & carry a big stick, you will go far” —TR’s favorite African proverb

19. TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” ■Top FP objective: –Build Panama Canal & used “big stick” to get it: –Colombia rejected US offer to lease land for canal –TR supported Panama’s independence –1903: Panama independence & US signed lease for a canal Facilitate world trade / allow USN to merge Atlantic & Pacific fleets quickly US paid $10 million for the canal & leased it for $250,000 per year Span-Am War revealed major flaw in USN: took too long to get Pacific fleet to Atlantic

20. 1914: Canal opened /gave US huge econ advantage in Western Hemisphere “The inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to require us to police the surrounding premises” —Sec of State Elihu Root

21. The Roosevelt Corollary ■One of TR’s greatest concerns: –Euro intervention in Latin America –1903: Germany & England threatened to invade Venezuela to recoup unpaid debts Roosevelt Corollaryto the Monroe Doctrine –1904: TR issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claiming special “police powers” in Western Hemisphere TR warned Euros to stay out AND warned Latin American nations to be more responsible OR US would intervene

22. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Lodge Corollary Additionally, Lodge Corollary in 1912 denied foreign companies right to buy ports or establish military sites in Latin America

23. Roosevelt Corollary justified armed intervention in Dominican Republic & Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, & Mexico Attempts to maintain order in Latin America led to US-friendly regimes acting as dictators

25. Big Stick Diplomacy ■TR’s FP extended to Asia as well: –1905: Negotiated end to Russo- Japanese War (Nobel Peace Prize) –1907: Gentlemen’s Agreement limited Japanese immigration –1908: Root-Takahira Agreement protected Open Door Policy in China

26. “Constable of the World ”

27. William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

28. Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy ■Taft elected after TR / continued aggressive FP – “Dollar Diplomacy” –Use $$$ rather than military strength in foreign policy –Latin America: US banks assumed debts to Europe –Attempted to build RRs in China

31. Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

32. Moral Diplomacy ■Wilson knew domestic policy before becoming POTUS, not FP ■Moral Diplomacy ■Moral Diplomacy could bring peace & democracy w/o militarism & war ■“Human rights” in Latin America, but defended Monroe Doctrine / intervened more than TR or Taft “It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs” —Wilson in 1912 Wilson appointed pacifist WJ Bryan as Sec of State Apologized to Colombia for US support of the Panamanian revolt TR replied: “I didn’t steal the Panama Canal…I built it”

33. Moral Diplomacy in Mexico 1913: Mex Pres Madero overthrown by dictator Victoriano Huerta Wilson refused to recognize Huerta / demanded he step down so legitimate elections could be held for a new president Huerta refused Wilson sent military to occupy Veracruz – forced Huerta to flee to Europe Mex rebel Pancho Villa tried to provoke war by raiding US for supporting his rival Carranza Wilson sent military to find Villa (unable to do so) Moral diplomacy seemed to fail War w/Mex seemed sure Then WWI started – forced US to change focus to Europe

34. Conclusions ■After Span-Am War, US assumed aggressive FP: –Maintain order –Forestall foreign intervention –Protect U.S. economic interests –By WWI, US saw FP evolve from strict neutrality, to imperialist, to police officer Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) & Farewell Address (1796) Annexation of Alaska, Hawaii, & Philippines; Open Door policy in China “Big Stick,” “Dollar,” & “Moral” diplomacies